'Operation Site Down' Closes 8 Warez Servers 578
JerkyBoy writes "The Entertainment Software Association today hailed efforts on the part of 'U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Department of Justice's Computer Crimes and Intellectual Property Section, U.S. Attorneys' offices nationwide, and participating foreign law enforcement officials' in the shutting down of at least 8 warez servers that specialized in the distribution of pirated games. With the code-name "Operation Site Down," close to 100 searches were conducted globally (U.S., Canada, Israel, France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany, Portugal, and Australia) within a 24-hour period, resulting in the identification of 120 individuals who are likely to be pursued by the U.S. Department of Justice."
Happy Trails (Score:2, Funny)
And you know, warez puppies are traded like cigarettes in lock-up.
This prison rape is brought to you courtesy of the fine folks at Electronic Arts.
Muahahahaha >:-)
- Greg
Wow... (Score:3, Funny)
Wonder how many millions were spent on this "massive" take down.
Re:8 Down 12 Go up (Score:2, Funny)
Re:8 Down 12 Go up (Score:2, Funny)
Re:Happy Trails (Score:5, Insightful)
Oh come on people! (Score:4, Funny)
I think someone is just getting a little nervous.
Re:Happy Trails (Score:3, Insightful)
It's flawed, obviously, and nobody is seriously going to say that rape is a good thing; but I think that
Re:Happy Trails (Score:3, Insightful)
You show a fundamental lack of understanding of how a modern society and modern justice works. In addition to that, your somewhat weird idea that revenge equals justice is harmful to a society as a whole.
I won't go into the first argument about rights which humans inherently have, and about how the state, who has a monopoly on force, needs to be very careful about how he uses said force. However, I will quickly say something about the second argument,
Re:The punishment does not fit the crime. (Score:5, Informative)
It doesnt matter.... (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:2, Insightful)
So, they could start trying to arrest people raping little girls...it still doesn't matter. Everyone is still going to do it. Its like shutting down napster...like that was going to change anything! Someone just developed a method to get round the law.
Its funny how every wides
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:3, Funny)
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:3, Insightful)
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:5, Insightful)
Maybe its best to think of software as a service. Maybe a good analogy is this: You go into a barber shop and say give me a good trim. Once the barber finishes, you dash out the front door with your new do and don't pay a cent. Sure, the barber still has as many combs and scissors as before, but you've still taken something from him: his time. Software is a little different in that all of the time is put in before you see any of the results, but why should that make it any different?
People put in time to develop software, a business calculates that the time is worth x$ per sale, if you take the software and pay (x-x)$ you have stolen something...Anyway, now you can go back to justifying this "theft."
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:4, Insightful)
Another way of looking at it is that, if 10 people have haircuts don't pay the barber, 10x as muck of his time is taken as if only one person does; whereas with software, the same amount of developer time is taken up if 1 person dowloads it or 1 million people do. It's not the worst analogy, but it's not perfect.
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:5, Insightful)
I build a museum of fine art. It costs 1 million dollars worth of construction crew time. It costs another 1 million dollars of artist time (this is all new art). I decide that I'm going to charge 50$ a head to let people in the door. If you find a way to sneak in through the back door and view the art, aren't you really stealing. Further, if I realize that people are sneaking in, I may have to charge 80$ from everyone else to cover the sneakers loss of sales. If I don't, I want be able to cover the monthly bills. As a person who is not willing to sneak in, I get screwed by higher prices. As a business owner I get screwed by having to raise prices and piss people off. As a sneaker, I have the mild inconveince of using the back door and the possibility of getting caught.
Ignoring the trespassing aspects, isn't this essentially the same thing as taking intellectual property without paying?
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:5, Insightful)
Analogies are fucking hideous. The point of an analogy is to try to make things clearer. How the hell does your paragraph of hypothetical (and ridiculous) situation make anything clearer? What's the point?
Bad analogy (Score:3, Insightful)
It's not justification, and it's not theft.
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:5, Funny)
Somewhere, an algebra teacher is crying.
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:3, Informative)
South Africa does have a very high percentage of people with AIDS, but nowhere near 60%.
The number I found was 21.5% [aids.org.za]. Which is still amazingly high, but only about one third the total you mentioned.
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:3, Insightful)
And I'm sure that gangs will say the same thing about killing people. It seems like such a highly sound argument.
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:2)
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:4, Insightful)
Should be a Real American Hero commercial.
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:4, Interesting)
I read somewhere that the warez community use a pyramid system to distribute software:
Level 1. Hub Servers - Where the software gets uploaded from the original CDs (less than 10 servers worldwide)
Level 2. Dump Servers - Where the software gets copied to for distribution (greater than 1000 servers worldwide)
Level 3. Usenet - Where the 'savvy' people download it from
Level 4. Peer2peer/BitTorrent - Where the ipod generation download it from.
So if they shut down the hub servers, yes they will be replaced by the pirates, but in the mean time the shockwave effect of losing these servers will slow down or even stall the illegal distribution (for a while anyways).
-Jar.
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:2)
But it had a HUGE effect... (Score:5, Insightful)
Almost everyone I knew had used napster at one time or another to download a song, and there were many people who'd amassed hard drives full of copyrighted music. Because napster was so easy to use, it had almost become a cultural thing and I think a lot of people skimmed by the fact that what they were doing was illegal. These people then started to hear reports in the news about how the RIAA was going after people, and maybe that gave a few of them pause, but file trading didn't really abate that much.
I think it wasn't until Napster shut down that it finally clicked for a lot of people out there. They finally realized that it was illegal, and in spite of any moral ambiguities about stealing from wealthy corporations, it was something that was going to be prosecuted as a crime.
There may be just as much piracy now as there was in the day of napster, but I think the majority of the casual users that tried napster then are not participating now over PtP networks anymore.
iTunes has made it just as easy to get a song or album, and they've made it just as easy to pay for it, providing a viable and legitimate alternative to piracy. The Yahoo music and "napster to go" offerings further increase the options for legitimate and easy digital music offerings.
If napster hadn't been shut down, I don't think the casual users out there would have gotten the wakeup call they did. Furthermore, if napster hadn't been such a success, I don't think software companies out there would have bothered to develop legal digital music sales solutions to the degree we see today.
It's a bit odd, but I think the legal music trade industry of today owes a lot to the illegal music trade of napster.
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:2)
Re:It doesnt matter.... (Score:4, Insightful)
Breaking a crime? Do you mean breaking a law? Clearly breaking a law is against the law, but that doesn't make it wrong. It was illegal to hide Jews in Nazi Germany, but it wasn't wrong to do so (in my opinion). Similarly, it's not wrong to grow, sell, smoke cannabis in my opinion, which is illegal in most of the world, whereas there are things which are legal but morally wrong (again, in my opinion).
> You cannot break the law, and expect to get away with it.
Oh, I don't know about that. If you're rich and white you can expect to get away with quite a lot.
> Ghandi (who organized events where lots and lots of people would go and break > a particular law) understood this concept. He understood that if you break
> the law, then you have to do the time.
Well, yes, but the point is that it's good to break the law under those circumstances, and that's what a lot of people are saying about the copyright laws - that they end up not working for the people who they are trying to protect (original content providers, such as authors, musicians etc), and can result in the punishment of children etc.
"Operation Site Down" (Score:5, Funny)
If you'll excuse me, I need to begin "Operation Orange Juice Drinking" before the scheduled commencement of "Operation Work Going".
Re:"Operation Site Down" (Score:2, Insightful)
Re:"Operation Site Down" (Score:5, Funny)
Operation operational code names is already in operation.
__Funny Videos and Flash Games [laughdaily.com]
USDOJ (Score:5, Interesting)
How is the USDOJ going to persue people in other countries? Extradition sounds too severe for bootlegging. Isn't this something each foreign law enforcement agency should deal with?
Re:USDOJ (Score:5, Interesting)
He was detained while visiting the USA for a conference. If so, those people better stay away, especially as the US now prevents planes crossing its airspace if they have persona non-grata people onboard
Re:USDOJ (Score:2, Insightful)
How can they justify charging someone when the "crime" was committed in a jurisdiction where it is legal?
Re:USDOJ (Score:2)
Reverse engineering DVD:CSS wasn't illegal under Norwegian law but he was dragged through the courts, found innocent, then retried on appeal and found innocent again.
The software houses exist to make money, not to have morals. I don't blame DVD-Jon for doubling his efforts to free media from DRM - I'd want to lash back too, if I'd been treated like that.
Re:USDOJ (Score:2)
What you forget to mention (and I believe it was an honest mistake
Re:USDOJ (Score:5, Informative)
You'd think so. I do. But they are now extraditing an Australian in the Drink or Die [wikipedia.org] warez group.
Re:USDOJ (Score:2, Insightful)
They're not. It's just another example of the usual presumptuous USA centered, and dare I say deliberately inflamatory remarks that accompany stories more and more often on
Ouside America we have better thing
Re:USDOJ (Score:2)
There is an US theory that anything that happens on the Internet can be proscecuted in the US... I don't think that a French judge will extradict a Frenchman maintaining a French website to the US for proscecution. Besides, what indentification of individual
Re:USDOJ (Score:2)
I heard about that a year or two ago, and I recently did a search to see if he was still in there but found nothing. Do you know for certain the guy's still in there (last I heard there were actually two)?
They should consider Barbados/Switzerland (Score:2)
Back to the point: The proprietors of those warez sites should consider Barbados or Switzerland. Over there, the law will take quite a time to get them and the moment they sense "danger", they can morph into an entity completely different.
Re:They should consider Barbados/Switzerland (Score:2)
Unintended side effect (Score:2, Funny)
Worry (Score:5, Insightful)
Notice that the article pretty much says that the US took the lead. Now, I wonder why they might be doing that? How much money does the government receive from various association? Hmm, I think a lot.
Now said associations are pressing their rent-a-congressmen into action against people in foreign countries.
I wonder when we'll start having people sent here to stand trial for something that wasn't really even a crime there? Better yet, when will we be able to take their belongings and their families belongings when they end up in a form-letter-lawsuit from one of said associations?
The US is now a bunch of jack-booted thugs leaning against a wall in an alley behind some massive corporate entity. Cigarettes rolled up in its sleeve just waiting for one of the suits to come and ask for a favor.
Re:Worry (Score:4, Informative)
They might be able to manage this, from the UK at least. Just claim the person has commited an extraditable crime - they don't even need to fake any evidence anymore - and, when the person enteres the US, arrest them for the real crime.
For what it's worth, things are even worse between EU countries. IIRC, there's not even a requirement that the act was a crime in the country you're being removed from. There are some limits, but not many. This is especially problematic as some contries have "hate speech" laws...
why they might be doing that (Score:2, Informative)
The US is now ... Now? You think this is new? Even online, it's not new. Read "The Hacker Crackdown" by Sterling about Operation Sundevil, circa 1994.
Re:Worry (Score:3, Insightful)
It's like the old saying, "We have the best government money can buy."
Just wondering... (Score:5, Interesting)
I'm just thinking it would be better going after the real criminals.
Re:Just wondering... (Score:5, Insightful)
Warez hurts corporations.
Okay so oversimplified maybe, but obviously many banks and other phishing targets are not putting as much pressure (AKA "donations") on the government as big brand game companies.
Re:Just wondering... (Score:2)
be careful, you're going to hurt someone's feelings.
Re:Just wondering... (Score:2)
Time for me to steal Microsoft's identity and go on a permanent bender, buying everyone drinks, going on vacation, snorting blow off hookers asses, while the corporation, it's grounds and corporate offices in disarray, sits in a dingy police station trying to explain to the cops that the guy pretending to be a multinational downtown in the strip club is really not one.
Re:Just wondering... (Score:2)
I'm just thinking it would be better going after the real criminals.
Of course not, **AA are the *real* victims here. If the interests of those phishing victims were so important, they'd surely have more lobbying power.
What a waste of money (Score:5, Insightful)
The vast majority of these individuals were most likely not even profiting off of this (if any , the details are not that clear)
The world is now a safer place , we can rest easy in our beds as EAs multi billion dollar profits don't take an insignificant dent from these hooligans
One for justice , one for liberty
Um sarcasm aside , 12 sites and 120 people is not even a tiny dent , 12 new sites will spring up today , and 12 tomorrow whilst hundreds of thousands if not millions of others download warez.
Hit the route of the problem , over pricing and then you may get somewhere.
Re:What a waste of money (Score:5, Interesting)
Re:What a waste of money (Score:2)
They cut only 8.
Waco (Score:3, Interesting)
One thing they mentioned in that which may be relevent to this is that the FBI hit waco with so many feds/helicopters/tanks was to show how well they were doing and to go to committee to ask for more money.
A fund raiser as it were. I wonder if this is the same thing?
Re:Waco (Score:2)
One thing they mentioned in that which may be relevent to this is that the FBI hit waco with so many feds/helicopters/tanks was to show how well they were doing and to go to committee to ask for more money.
A fund raiser as it were. I wonder if this is the same thing?
Someone please mod parent up "interesting". It's a possiblity worth thinking about - does anyone know when these guys gat their funding reviewed? I'd personally go with the "govt. agencies
Re:What a waste of money (Score:2)
The way you started, I thought you were going to make a much more important point. Who cares if the government is spending all this money on propping up software prices? Well, I guess I do, but I care a hell of a lot more that the government is not spending that same money and devoting those same resources to dealing with real criminals who actually kill people. That seems like the real travesty here. No matter which side you're on with respect to software piracy, it just shouldn't be a higher priority
Re:What a waste of money (Score:2)
It's a little difficult to compete with $0.00
Would lowering prices reduce some pirating? Sure. Would it reduce even most pirating? I doubt it very much, and I doubt you can post any statistics to prove otherwise.
Re:What a waste of money (Score:2)
Games for me are what , about an hours wages
However my hours wages are nearly the same as most peoples wages for a day , this is why they are overpriced(actualy getting on to a previous post here)
Talking to a freind of mine in romainia who constantly infringes a lot of copyrights , perhaps it is not right nor moral though when the games there a
Lots of searches (Score:5, Funny)
Speedy Gonzales ?
How come they only shut down 8 servers if they're conducting searches in 11 countries?
Re:Lots of searches (Score:3, Funny)
A: They are incompetent.
Re:Lots of searches (Score:2)
Re:Lots of searches (Score:2)
That's it? (Score:2, Insightful)
The Scene (Score:4, Informative)
Wow! (Score:5, Funny)
Not warez servers, COURIER SERVERS (Score:3, Informative)
There is a big difference between taking down the redistribution servers and taking down what amounts to the 'warez' data warehouses.
They targeted the private servers the couriers for the big groups used. These servers are very fast, and very private. They exist solely for the purpose of spreading warez to the redistribution channels.
I think a drug dealing analogy is fitting. Think of the warez web sites and the kids selling dope on the corner. This bust didn't target
Prison rape jokes (Score:2, Insightful)
If everyone knows prison rape is happening
Maybe there are some monsters who "deserve" the treatment
Mod parent up (Score:2)
Re:Prison rape jokes (Score:2)
Not laughing at the awful reality of this world is a ticket to paralysing neurosis. This might explain why the 'politically correct' are full of talk but without any real power. They are so concerned about the wrongs in the world that they can't find the energy to right them.
So I will continue
Re:Prison rape jokes (Score:2)
First of all, no, we put people in prison to punish them nowadays. Prosecutors talk about justice and demand that we protect our families by putting the criminal somewhere far away, and, equally important, unpleasant. The whole idea of redemption by putting in prison came from the Quakers, who couldn't physically harm you for religious reasons, so the best they could do was to put you in a locked room an
Carrot and Stick (Score:4, Funny)
Speedy Gonzalez Rides Again (Score:5, Funny)
At a recent interview, Speedy's mood was triumphant.
"As our beloved Leader has often said, we are unflagging in our commitment to extend death, misery, and tyranny to every corner of the globe.
Wherever happiness exists, wherever human beings may have been under the illusion that they may be safe, wherever justice may have existed in the past, we will travel, and we will unleash our fury upon the most innocent.
The President has vowed that he will not rest until all that was previously good in the world has been erradicated, until the environment, human self-determination, and the cause of anyone to feel or seek joy have all been completely destroyed. The prisons will swell with the innocent and the unjustly accused, rivers the world over will run red with blood, and all lands anywhere in the world other than our own will be made desolate, while we enrich ourselves and ensure that our immediate loved ones alone will have any sense of safety.
We will sweep aside all opposition in our path until we have fulfilled this mission.
Onward!"
Re:Speedy Gonzalez Rides Again (Score:2)
120 Out Of How Many Millions? (Score:5, Insightful)
Enjoy Guantanamo Bay! (Score:5, Funny)
Re:Enjoy Guantanamo Bay! (Score:2, Funny)
What about this one? (Score:3, Funny)
Osama bin Warez (Score:5, Funny)
Damn! If only Osama had been running a Warez server!
Some more information (Score:5, Informative)
Some information about Site Down can be found here [usdoj.gov].
And whoever is saying that RCMP is targetting sceners, take a look at their Strategic Priorities [rcmp-grc.gc.ca]... My bet is that, just as it happened in the States, they are being pressured by the CRTC [crtc.gc.ca] (Canada's equivalent to MPAA and RIAA all in one), and with that new DMCA-like law [slashdot.org], what could possibly stop them from raping every canadian file trader like they did (and continue to do) to the US'?
You didn't hear it from me!
That's nice... (Score:5, Insightful)
Dan East
Re:That's nice... (Score:2)
The amazing thing is they get all this law enforcement mostly for free: http://www.cbpp.org/10-16-03tax.htm [cbpp.org]
code-name "Operation Site Down" (Score:5, Funny)
Inflationary figuring... (Score:5, Insightful)
Oh cry me a river.
That's only the case if you assume that every copy=one real customer lost. Back when I was into the warez scene, I had intalled and deleted hundreds of games/utils/applications. Some within minutes after muttering "this is bogus".
If someone had totalled up the number of applications, utils, and games, there is no way I could have even afforded 10 percent of that. (I actually did buy what I liked, but to put me on the figurative hook for half-hour glances at packages, well, that's dumb).
I assume that my experience is not unique.
All that is totally ignoring the _fact_ that various companies who shall remain nameless depended on warez to gain marketshare *cough* autocad *cough* Windows.
Thank Gh0d for Open Source. Everything is legit now, and kicking back some cash gives a warm fuzzy feeling, rather than the feeling of being ripped off. It's been that way for almost a decade now, and I like it.
--
BMO
My 2 Cents...whatever...right? (Score:2, Insightful)
Regarding : only 8 sites were shut down but
thousands will spring up
This is not napster, where thousands COULD spring up as replacements, these were I'm guessing TOP sites. Where minimum requirements were lots of HD space (in the Terrabytes), and a fat pipe T3 and OC3's. So thousands of replacement sites will not just spring up and NO the release groups will not have your cablemodem site you run out of your house as a HQ.
Regar
Advertising Campaign (Score:3, Interesting)
Re:WAREZ suck. Use Linux (Score:5, Insightful)
Examples can be found in the music industry (lowering of prices) , and in software (Microsoft introducing budget versions to compete with bootleggers).
Basically, if you reduce bootlegging, software will go up in price as competition reduces. Its basic economics really.
Really, people need to start calling out the Software companies for insulting everyones intelligence with the whole "piracy increases prices". Whats sad is even governments repeat it, even while knowing full well that it actually benifits the consumer.
Re:you're just wrong (Score:5, Insightful)
Ok. ra ra rara. Bunch of ad hominen. I did a a bit of it in my minor, I do infact have an idea what I'm on about.
So lets explain this a bit further. Music Companies *DO* infact compete with Software Bootleggers due to the fact a consumer (which classical economics presumes to be rational and therefore likely to optimise choices to maximise bang for buck) can chose between the "authorised" product or the "unauthorised" product. The two directly compete. Due to an increased supply of the product relative to a more stable demand (not *everyone* needs a cad program), the crossover point between the suply curve and the demand curve settles at a cheaper point and prices lower.
CD prices may not be a brilliant example , but lets even assume that, we see here http://banners.noticiasdot.com/termometro/boletin
The Price fixing and the like has little to do with economics and everything to do with industry corruption. Thats why price fixing is considered pernicious, because it *distorts* the market away from consumer interests. Yes Bootlegging distorts the market, but it does so by pushing prices down.
Adam Smiths invisible hand rarely fails.
And yes, I am aware that the lower price offerings are partly to stem open source adoption. But Microsoft has also been adamant that its also motivated by high levels of Bootlegging in developing countries, including in government and industry (areas fairly compliant in the first world).
Finally, I'll refer you to http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html [gnu.org].
Bootlegging is the more acurate term as oposed to piracy, because bootlegging refers to the manafacture of illicit goods (traditionally liquor) whereas Piracy tended to involve theft.
As have been pointed out by many , Bootlegging music and software can not be objectively called "Theft" because theft by its definition is an act of taking something that is yours and making it mine without your permission. If I take my CD of , say, Frank Zappa, or whatever, and copy it to my friend, nobody lost anything, but someone gained something. The music publisher still has precisely the same stock level and capital reserves. I still have my CD, but a friend now has a new copy of Hot rats to listen to.
The arguement that bootlegging is theft, *relies* on the arguement that unauthorised competition could be theft. And if you accept that arguement , then you have to accept that bootlegging is competition and thus under classical economics benificial to the consumer and I would suggest it could be also applied to Open Source. Infact that is precisely the scam the Software industry is trying to pull with patent laws where intellectual property (devised originally to protect small publishers from having books copied by large monopolists) is abstracted further into the idea of software itself.
I much prefer Stallmans idea of not calling it piracy , but rather "sharing with a friend".
Re:WAREZ suck. Use Linux (Score:2, Insightful)
I don't buy this excuse anymore, look at the price of console games, where casual copy (or casual piracy if you want call it like this, but there in no slaughter, no vessels, no murders and no parrots)... i was saying, casual copy is completely out of question but still the price tag of console games is not low, at least i don't consider 60 dollars for a game a low price...
Re:Over one hundred homes globally raided? (Score:3, Insightful)
-- translates to --
The US Department of Justice is the U.S. law enforcement agency dedicated to serving the business and public affairs needs of the companies
'Nuff said.
Re:wow, multinational cooperation.... (Score:2)
that's tits.
Re:Good Riddens (Score:2, Funny)
Also, as far as criminalization of bootlegging... it's a lot like prohibition-era alcohol production. Once you decriminalize it, these people overnight convert to legitimate businesses.
Nice troll though.
Re:What sites were "taken down?" (Score:5, Informative)
Those groups use very private ftp servers where only high-level courier groups have access. They get the warez and spread them to other places, like IRC. Then others get them from IRC and make torrents of them, spread those torrents on other IRC channels. Someone downloads a copy and creates a torrent for eg. the Pirate Bay and starts seeding.
What Joe Public sees on warez sites are the 4th/5th generation copies, or even later.
But this operation aimed to bring down the private FTP sites of the groups themselves, so probaly sites you or me would never have heard of and could never have gotten access to. But it does affect the availability of warez in general.
Re:Cue (Score:2)
Really, if you are American do you feel good about your tax dollars going to this type of thing?
Re:Cue (Score:2)
We all know people who use Warez sites are doing it to format shift their legal copy of (insert game, movie, CD here).
Re:Cue (Score:3, Insightful)
Grandparent was obvi
Re:Cue (Score:2)
I think that the grandparent was saying that a lot of people on Slashdot attempt to legitimize all circumvention of copy protection by claiming it is for backing up their purchased media.
We (your grandparent and I) believe that is false. Only a miniscule amount of the circumvention/copying is for the purpose of archiving. The huge majority is for out and out piracy. But, taking t
Re:Cue (Score:2)
Most people who use warez sites and p2p do so illegally. Everyone (with a clue anyway) knows this. Bringing up it being legal in very specific cases is a red herring. Anyone that is being investigated due to this "operation" that didn't break a law, won't be found guilty of any crime. But I can gurantee the amount of people tha
Re:Keep up the Good Work (Score:2)
Or how about just fund post-secondary schooling? People get schooled, get jobs and then can buy the software anyways.
Or why not just give the tax payers a break?
No, you must spend millions of dollars to effective not even dent the piracy scene. They might as well just burn the money [literally] and save effort to prosecute people who are effectively not a significant problem.
Tom