Websurfing Damaging U.S. Productivity? 381
Bert writes "Ars Technica does a good job of debunking a study that claims that American business lose $178 billion a
year to web surfing in the workplace. Particularly alarming is the fact that the study used the beliefs of 350 IT managers to determine how many hours a week the average employee
wastes online. Like the article asks: where's the calculation of how much time we all spend answer work e-mail at home?"
Guilty as charged (Score:5, Funny)
I even spent a few minutes reloading the front page so I could go for first post.
But *Ahem* Seriously though, I love my job and only surf in between tasks.
(-: (siht sdaer ssob ym esac ni tsuJ)
Re:Guilty as charged (Score:4, Funny)
The star sign next to your Slashdot ID says that you even spent a few *dollars* so you could get first post.
I congratulate you Sir for being a very conscientious employee: you knew you'd have to spent incredible amounts of time reloading the
Re:Guilty as charged (Score:5, Insightful)
Now, sure, I surf at work for fun/pleasure/personal (*Not* that type of pleasure!)
But what about the time I've saved googling faster than a speeding library trip.
Not to mention all the online howtoos and news groups which have "real" solutions to real problems.
Re:Guilty as charged (Score:2)
These are also advantages that employers should understand. My productivity gets better when my office is quiet, I am to low level to get my own office so lets keep people shut up! If someone is gonna slack for the sake of slacking, internet makes no difference, the slackers used to fuck around with printers and copiers or yap about their kids etc... Those of us who do get things done
In Other News... (Score:5, Interesting)
Employers cost employees billions annually in clothing and shoe sales to conform with arbitrary company dress-code policies. Film at eleven.
Seriously, though. How much car maintenance, clothing shopping, gasoline and other work-related expenses do you pay out of your paycheck with zero-reimbursement for your employer?
Re:In Other News... (Score:3, Insightful)
*flips to next excuse...*
Well DUH! (Score:2)
And no, I won;t call anyone on it. Pot, Kettle anyone?
Debunking the study. Sheesh. What are they going to do next? After arguing that web surfing isn't wasting vast amounts of US productivity, are they going to argue that the sky isn't blue?
"No, really, it's pink, all the time. Those clouds aren't really there!"
To quote a children's movie, "Who are you gonna believe, me
Re:Guilty as charged (Score:4, Interesting)
BUT, he wasn't surfing the Internet, so they left him alone.
Re:Guilty as charged (Score:2, Funny)
Re:Guilty as charged (Score:4, Funny)
Re:Guilty as charged (Score:2)
Cheers.
Re:Guilty as charged (Score:4, Funny)
answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:5, Insightful)
> home?"
Uh...zero. Why would I want to answer work email at home. I don't, nor do I answer phone calls from work on my mobile when I've left work. If they want to arrange paying me to do either, that's fine, but they haven't. I'm suprised this is even an issue.
Slashdot's Stats (Score:5, Interesting)
Or just that they do their slashdotting in the morning and other non-productive surfing later
Luke
----
If you also have a website that's geared for computer newbies [christiannerds.com], get a hold of me. Maybe we can partner up or something.
Re:Slashdot's Stats (Score:2)
They come once in the morning and once the evening for a quick prayer because they feel guilty for browsing Slashdot on the job perhaps?
Re:Slashdot's Stats (Score:2, Funny)
To me that's almost as revolting as goatse...
Re:Slashdot's Stats (Score:2, Funny)
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:5, Interesting)
I think you have a reasonable outlook but not everyone is fortunate enough to work at a place that allows you to escape. And, the problem is that "IT Decision Makers" routinely expect well in excess of 40 hours per week from their employees. My current position is with a company that has a good work-life balance but when I was working in major corporate IT divisions I was *expected* to work more than 40 "if needed". And since we tended to get projects assigned with unrealistic deadlines, "if needed" meant "damn near always".
So if I am expected to put in extra effort and extra hours it is up to *me* to determine whether I want to do a couple surfing runs each day so long as I'm not doing things that put the company at risk (surfing porn, emailing competitors, etc). As long as I meet deadlines and my productivity is good, it's none of their business how I divvy up my time. And this doesn't even touch the fact that it is almost impossible for a senior IT worker to get a real "day off" anymore.
That being said, there is a serious problem with a minority of people who do things like daytrading, fantasy sports, shopping, etc all day long while doing the absolute minimum to avoid losing their jobs. But that is a management problem not a technology problem and it is wrong and short-sighted to punish 95% of your employees because mid-managers are too lazy (or too busy daytrading and playing fantasy football) to stay engaged in their employee's tasks and responsibilities.
I wish there were some surveys to compare the relative productivity of companies with liberal internet policies to those with a "total lockdown" mentality. My suspicion is that good management + a liberal policy would result in greater productivity (from improved morale) than an IT policy that treats the employees like untrustworthly spoiled children.
Let me guess: you aren't a manager (Score:3, Insightful)
First, are you seriously suggesting that people work through every lunch hour or break? Second, do you really think people are productive at creative tasks if they don't have any mental "down time" during the day? Third, your way of "thinking" will lead to worke
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:2)
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:2)
But surfing at work isn't necessarily a bad thing. I encourage my staff -- all part timers/freelancers/volunteers -- to come in and use the office computers for whatever they want whenever they want. The end result is that they have a warm fuzzy about being in the office, and I can occasionally slip in little pieces of work for them "if they've got a moment."
Granted, it's not a traditional work environment where I'm pay
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:2)
For most people, however, the lines between work and private life have started to blur. Mail from both worlds is mixing, as are phone calls. On-call duty is expanding constantly, and even people not explicitly on duty are often called on their private mobiles to answer work questions.
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:2)
The only time I was really annoyed by this was when I got a call one Satur
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:2, Insightful)
Secondly there's nothing wrong with his attitude, the agreement you have with your employer is that they pay you to provide certain services to them. If they aren't paying you for something then you shouldn't be doing it. This is not a bad attitude and shouldn't affect your chances for promotion or anything else. What is a problem is bosses who think you should provide services which they are
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:2)
As for 30 hour work weeks? I wish it had been like that when I was in the UK. The latest figures I can find are around 37.5 hours on average in the UK, which is admittedly less then the US. I think that might have more to do with the Government structur
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:2, Insightful)
First of all it's not good for Fred because he has no life and is on low wage ( considering the amount of work he does ).
If Fred is promoted the company had better hope they find another sucker just like Fred or lot's of what they counted on being done for free will no longer get done.
From the companies point of view it doesn't make much sense to promote Fred, he is great value for money in the posi
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:3, Interesting)
At my old employer, I used to work significant overtime. I used to come in on Saturdays. I was rewarded by that company. I left that employer eight years ago. I went directly to my current employer. Now that I am married and have a child, you can be damn sure I don't work on Saturdays or Sundays.
Re:answer work e-mail at home?" (Score:3, Insightful)
To the GP, advancing yourself at work is accomplished by showing up, doing what needs to get done, and doing it well. If you want to put forth extra effort into your job, then I'd suggest accomp
I'm on break (Score:5, Informative)
I'm reading this during my lunch break, at which time reasonable personal use of the Internet is explicitly allowed by our local management.
I wonder if I count as "lost productivitiy"?
Let's not forget the increase in productivity... (Score:5, Interesting)
As a programmer, I have to say that my frequent visits to coding sites (ie codeproject) have often increased my productivity as I tend to find bits of code that can be used in whatever I am working on, or at least inspire me to do something similar.
Without the web, and the resources it provides for helping solve problems, I would waste much more time when I get stumped on the job.
Re:Let's not forget the increase in productivity.. (Score:3, Interesting)
This was one of my immediate reactions, too. If you look at the web sites I visit during work hours -- during long breaks or otherwise -- the vast majority are technical. I've picked up plenty of useful information about the software tools we use (or have since started using), coding techniques, and any number of other things that have increased the ability of myself and/or my colleagues to do the job we're paid for.
I do check my personal web mail maybe every hour or so, which takes all of about five seco
Re:Let's not forget the increase in productivity.. (Score:2)
Surfing the web is ~not~ always wasted time.
Re:Let's not forget the increase in productivity.. (Score:2)
Sorry, "leverage" is passe jargon (Score:3, Insightful)
No doubt. Alas, the term "leverage" has past its expiration date among the likely business types who could have recognized that this is a good example of what they supposedly meant by it. (They're off thinking inside the outside-the-box jargon box now.)
Web access is good for the company and the employee, both -
They found the IT guys? (Score:5, Funny)
Since the IT guys are the ones you can never find at work and never respond to pagers, how did they even ask them? How about, How much productivity is lost trying to find the IT guy?
Re:They found the IT guys? (Score:3, Funny)
Re:They found the IT guys? (Score:3, Insightful)
Re:They found the IT guys? (Score:5, Funny)
Or gained. If you could find us, you'd only be asking silly questions anyways. Now leave me alone. I have a
Of course.... (Score:4, Insightful)
Good business sense, don't talk your business model down.
Re:Of course.... (Score:5, Informative)
Work email at home? (Score:4, Insightful)
> answer work e-mail at home?
Err probably zero.
How many companies...
1. Bother to set up their email systems so that the employees can use it from home.
2. Then train their employees on how to set it up on their home machine or use the webmail.
3. Have employees which actually DO check their mail from home AND reply even when someone's set it all up for them?
I'm guessing a single digit percentage at most.
On the other hand, how many employees surf the web for non work purposes while at work? Probably the vast majority.
Re:Work email at home? (Score:2)
Then I must be an outlier -- I've never once worked at a tech company without a VPN and an intranet accessible by SSL. My guess would, thus, be dramatically different from yours.
Perhaps it would be better if someone actually collected some data?
Re:Work email at home? (Score:2)
Agreed... I work at a decidedly low-tech company, and we even have a VPN/web-enabled mail server setup. If I were a betting man, I'd say more people have access to this sort of "service" from their workplace than realize it--after all, if you don't seek it out you probably won't know about it.
Re:Work email at home? (Score:2)
That is a very interesting question. My company (a consulting firm) actually encourages us to work from home, in order to reduce the amount of money they spend on building rental, heating, maintenance, etc. Most of my clients do NOT encourage remote access. It usually requires an act of Congress to gain remote access to my various clients.
Re:Work email at home? (Score:2)
There's at least one sketch or photo of this in US history textbooks out there, though I don't know what it's called.
BS (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:BS (Score:4, Insightful)
it's just the method of goofing off has changed
Some people still goof off the old fashioned way. One of my coworkers seems to be on the phone constantly. I see people reading magazines. There's a guy with a guitar in his office. People zone out and listen to iPods. I knocked on one guy's door, got no answer and found him asleep on the floor.
There was one guy who camped out in the handicapped stall in the restroom and read the EE Times and the newspaper. Our boss used to take notice of what kind of shoes this guy wore because he might have to go looking at feet in the stalls to find him. Another old redneck technician said, "He's gon' git th' hem-a-roids frum settin' in'are sa'long."
Re:BS (Score:2)
Re:BS (Score:2)
Amen to that. I can't count the number of times I've been so deeply involved in a problem that the most obvious answer was miles away, and the second I step away from the problem and clear my head the answer comes to me. Without some time to unwind and relax a little I would never get a damn thing worth mention done. I think this type of t
Re:BS (Score:2)
Re:BS (Score:2)
What is scary though is that web usage can be monitored. In contrast, coffee breaks and quickies in an empty conference room can't.
In my shop, the firewall reports are in real time.
Pretty scary when one's boss sends an Email with better links related to something one searched for earlier in the day.
One afternoon after shopping at think geek, a couple of years ago, my manager came by to chat and finished up by saying 'got root?'. Wh
Statistical data (Score:2)
In my case, thirty minutes per year (average).
I NEED to surf (Score:2, Insightful)
MOD PARENT UP (Score:2)
Re:MOD PARENT UP (Score:2, Funny)
I can stare at arcane newspapers searching for secret encrypted messages and look at me! I'm perfectly sane.
Now i just need to find my roommate, he doesn't seem to be around just right now...
Mandatory overtime (Score:3, Insightful)
I've said this before... when companies mandate unpaid overtime (and i know there are a lot of you out there that are affected by this in one way or another), what do companies expect?
Companies show time and time again that what they care about is "who's at the office?". Not "How smart do they work?" or "How much do they get done?" but simply whether the parking lot is full after 5pm.
Goofing off during those mandatory "overtime" hours is not only a healthy "fuck you" to the establishment but also the only way to slow the burnout rate.
Ah, but what's the burnout of one more "resource" (a wonderful term that is about as slimy as "It's not personal, it's just business") when compared with a better bottom line?
Figures just a little high, perhaps? (Score:5, Insightful)
So, basically what they're saying is that if everyone stopped web-surfing at work, then we'd have enough money to build a space elevator and kick-start a Mars colony. Somehow, those numbers seem a little high to me. But, even if it were true, all the extra cash would most likely go into a bunch of a-holes pockets who would then use it buy another Mercedes or two. So, what was the point of this research again?
Re:Figures just a little high, perhaps? (Score:2)
Since no one seems to be volunteering to build it, I guess I'll just have to work in a way that retains my sanity.
Who's guilty here? (Score:3, Insightful)
"IT decision-makers polled believe that employees are spending an average of 5.9 hours per week surfing the internet for non work-related reasons."
IT decision-makers believe this number because:
- they watch the http traffic on their networks (hint: "decision-makers" usually don't know much about technical issues)
- it's based on their personal experience (hint: decision-makers are usually suits with personal offices)
Which one is it in your opinion?
What's more of course, since the quote comes from Websense, it's kind of logical that their employees spend their time surfing the web - to test the Websense web filter - so the "study" might not be very relevant
Surfing time is NON-FUNGIBLE! (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:Surfing time is NON-FUNGIBLE! (Score:3, Funny)
Damn, where do *you* work?
I have a window, but all I see is a concrete courtyard with the occcasional squirrel.
Not sure if the squirrels are female or not.
My repeated attempts to get a branch office opened right next to a local beachside walking/biking path have been met with laughter and derision from my bosses.
Re:Surfing time is NON-FUNGIBLE! (Score:2)
Re:Surfing time is NON-FUNGIBLE! (Score:2)
Every time I hit that link I get seamlessly redirected to http://www.weightwatchers.com/siteRequirements.as p x?PDA=false&javascript=False&cookies=False&browser Version=5&browserType=Firefox [weightwatchers.com], with no chance to bail out, and nowhere to go from there.
And yes, cookies are turned on.
What shitty site-design.
*Sigh* (Score:2)
Re:*Sigh* (Score:2)
The article doesn't pretend that it doesn't happen, it simply points out that the number is based on wild-ass guesses collected by a company that has a vested interest in making the numbers appear as bad as possible.
In this case, I believe that the "We'd better defend it now!" people are fully justified.
Re:*Sigh* (Score:2)
Re:*Sigh* (Score:2)
The real truth is that productivity is very hard to measure, and expected productivity even harder. As the bean counters are usually fairly stupid, I'd suggest they simply stop trying and go count something that's really countable, like beans.
Let the rest of us get back to work (and reading slashdot).
can I get in on that scam? (Score:2)
come on. This is a made up bit of information that only reason to exist is for an article to drum up readership.
good grief, what other bull are they going to create next?
I know "bathroom breaks waste trillions each year for businesses!"
these businesses have full control over their internet connection, if they do not have competent IT staff to filter websites or limit connections then it is their own fault.
The billable Hour (Score:2)
Anyone who works by the billable hour has a pretty good idea of the answer to that one- If you make $5 an hour and the company bills clients $10 an hour for your time, your company wants you to keep track of the time spend checking things at home.
What I wonder is this- is the amt of time used to calculate the lost revenue assuming that we would be working during the time we are surfing? For me, a lot
it's lunchtime! (Score:5, Insightful)
I'm posting this during my lunch break.
Then again, I'm salaried. I got here at 7.35am, I'll leave some time this evening. In the meantime I'll be spending several hours constantly flicking to the live internet commentary of the cricket.
Cricket is more important that work.
What I'll also do is meet my commitments. I have meetings to attend, documents to write, deadlines to meet. I'll do all these things. I'm paid to do these things.
If the cricket makes me take longer to write a document, I'll stay a little later to get it finished. Sure, that's impacting on my non-work time - but since I'm letting my personal desire to watch cricket outweigh the need to do work it's a fair exchange.
Is there productivity loss? On an 'output per hour' basis, definitely. But on an 'output per month' basis, there's a productivity gain. By taking a relaxed approach to my job I can sustain my working patterns without getting stressed, killing people, taking time off ill, etc.
More to the point, I get my work done. My employer loves me. Life is good. And I get to watch the cricket.
Re:it's lunchtime! (Score:5, Funny)
This is Robert, your boss down the hall...
Then again, I'm salaried. I got here at 7.35am
The starting time for your shift is 7:30.
I'll leave some time this evening.
As a friendly reminder, your shift ends at 5:30.
In the meantime I'll be spending several hours constantly flicking to the live internet commentary of the cricket. Cricket is more important that work.
Cederic, would you mind stepping into my office when you have a moment? Oh and bring one of those pink A5 sheets by the secretary's desk on your way if you please.
-- Robert
It balances out... sometimes. (Score:2)
I also restrict myself to primarily news and tech: news.google.com, topix.net, slashdot.org, arstechnica.com, theregister.co.uk, dealmac.com, and a bit of boingboing.net. I don't read long in-depth essays on the natue of morality, and my slashdot comments from work tend to be of the short, pithy variety, not the long winded three-hours-to-compose-and-seven-hour
What productivity? (Score:3, Insightful)
Re:What productivity? (Score:2)
Half and half (Score:2)
Do they also state how much productivity I gain from the Internet? Do they have any idea how many things I have programmed in half the time because of Google and various tech sites? Or how much faster I have resolved a tech issue with a FAQ, Knowlege Base or Forum?
For IT jobs, I'd wager that the end result is that companies break
Are results accomplished? (Score:5, Insightful)
websurfing is a new addiction (Score:2)
does anyone spend most of their free time at home surfing the web? has anyone missed family get togethers, stayed in because he/she was surfing the web?
i know i keep going back to websites like cnn.com over and over, even though i don't expect a new headline every 20 minutes. since nothing new is at cnn, time to check the other 6 or 7 news websites i visit. nothing new there, better check back at cnn. i am sure some people think of porn the same way as i think of news.
What the managers didn't say... (Score:2)
But I digress...
Am I reading at work, yes, Do I care, no (Score:2)
Besides I control the proxy filter. How else would I find out where all the good porn sites are.
The beliefs of IT (Score:2)
Time != Productivity (Score:5, Insightful)
Everyone on
More to the point... (Score:2)
I need to surf in order to do my job (Score:2)
Any of these PHB-centric web-surfing-is-bad studies hit that one?
method of estimation (Score:3, Insightful)
Here's how an IT manager would estimate this:
(proxy log, simplified for
08:22:05 luser onto onto online banking page
08:22:25 luser logs off online banking page (has to click and send an http request)
08:27:05 luser loads cnn
08:27:25 luser clicks on a story on CNN
08:55:03 luser clicks on another story on CNN
Now you could claim that luser was on CNN for 32 minutes. Is it true? Probably not, they probably read a story on CNN, left the browser open, did a whole bunch of work, then went back to the window and clicked another story. There total time "Surfing" is probably 5 minutes, but IT manager will count it as half an hour.
There are also webpages that auto-refresh when you leave the browser open. CNN does it every 15 mintues.
Employee goodwill and morale (Score:2, Interesting)
Kind of (Score:4, Insightful)
Basically, I do as much work as I can in a day. If there wasn't the web and such to occupy time I would be twiddling thumbs or reading a book in that other time.
If I had a job that was just 9-1 every day I would get the same amount of work done since that time would be solid full productivity work. I would also be much happier with that kind of schedule. But nobody is willing to pay me the same amount to work 9-1 even though the result of my work would be nearly identical to me working 9-5. Four hours every day wasted. Hurts me more than it hurts the company.
salaried workers (Score:5, Interesting)
Let's consider just engineers. There are 2 million engineers in the US, nearly all of whom are salaried employees, nearly all of whom work over 40 hours a week. The average engineer makes 70-90K/yr. Let's take the average at 80k/yr. Now, assuming a 40-hour work-week and the standard 3-weeks vacation, that works out to about $41 an hour. Now, I'd say your average engineer would believe they work, on average, 50 hours per week. That's $40bn in lost wages for engineers alone, using conservative estimates. Now, consider the number of other overworked, salaried employees. The lost wages could easily run to 10x that!
Websense is pretty evil. (Score:5, Interesting)
When asked "Gosh, do you think that this is a moral thing for an American company do to?" they replied "Hey, we just sell the software, we can't be responsible for how people use it."
Anyone who has worked with sales before knows that is a load of shit. Before you start talking to a customer, you learn about their needs so you can better sell your product. There's no way they just passively got a contact with the chinese government. I promise you, they were over there for weeks, showing powerpoint presentations claiming that their product could filter and report on dissidents MUCH better than the competition.
They've been putting up this bullshit about web usage for years. A few years ago, it was porn at work, and how companies are at risk for lawsuits if they don't immediately buy a filter. Of course, this fails the "What if it wasn't on a computer?" test, since if I brought an old-fashioned porn mag to work and was caught reading it, i'd be fired, and the company wouldn't be negligent. They don't need a $100,000 porn scanner at each door... but since it is on a COMPTUER, well, it is magic.
I mean, check out the management [websense.com]. Their CEO looks like he is about to rip off his false face to reveal the reptilian features underneath.
In other news.... (Score:2)
Another bit (Score:5, Insightful)
In todays world (Score:2)
It all comes down to the type of work you do, and the human brain and body isn't made for monotonous work, it needs variation or you will go nuts or get problems with overstressed elbows or whatever.
So g
Good Point (Score:2)
Now, they chose to ask IT managers? Hahaha, who do you think sends me the links to go checkout? Who do I shoulder surf over every day? On a comparison scale, for every time I surf the web, my manager(S) surf the web 4 times.
People of peace, surf! (Score:2)
That's what keeping Bush from yet another invasion!
Ssshhh (Score:2)
Obligatory quote from "Office Space": [imdb.com]
Bob Slydell: You see, what we're trying to do is get a feeling for how people spend their time at work so if you would, would you walk us through a typical day, for you?
Peter Gibbons: Yeah.
Bob Slydell: Great.
Peter Gibbons: Well, I generally come in at least fifteen minutes late, ah, I use the side door - that way Lumbergh can't see me, heh - after that I sorta space out for an hour.
Bob Porter: Da-uh? Space out?
Peter Gibbo
Nobody caught this? (Score:5, Insightful)
Most of what we take as news today is actually a press release being used to stimulate business. Of course Websense would see that illicit browsing is up, they want to sell product.
The same has been proven true of the "Year of the Suit" campaign. Turns out that Gentleman's Wearhouse had been cranking out PR's stating that suits were back in, etc.
It's all advertising pretending to be news. The minute you see a specific company name in a supposed news article you know it's a press release.
So it's hype. Don't worry about it.
Incentives (Score:2, Insightful)
Short Answer? (Score:3, Insightful)
Companies need _some_ way to track how many hours employees are actually around the office. However, many anagers have taken the additional mental leap of directly associating this with how much their employees actually work.
Hence, the concept of "face time". If you're not in your seat x hours per day, that must mean you're not working and not productive. Take it from there and you'll find a quick explanation for why "studies" such as this one are so widely accepted.
Adminst all the 'time is not....' (Score:3, Insightful)
What makes it so nefarious in my mind isn't the _amount_ of time spent web surfing, but how easy it is for a tiny little brain fart to turn into a web surfing session, and how that time is not the same as a normal break.
Next time you need to think over something before you do it, need a little break, are waiting for something to finish, etc, try talking a little walk and just get away from the computer.
I've found that web surfing tends to so completely lock up my mind that my subconcious problem solving ability is significantly reduced, but if I'm away from the computer, just kinda going 'duuuh', looking at some trees or chillin in a chair looking at the cieling, solutions to problems will often just dawn on me.
Also web surfing doesn't tend to be a very refreshing break, going from working to surfing to working again doesn't stretch you out, doesn't rest your eyes, barely rests your hands, etc.
I see all these unused rec rooms with couches, pool, foosball, etc, everybody is just sitting at their computer surfing or IMing instead of meeting up in those rooms to chill for a second. Heck, even without those, I barely see people hanging out near water coolers or coffee bars.
I think people never do so because they won't look busy, even though surfing/IMing is just as unproductive generally.
Re:Well just block port 80, 8080 (Score:2)
Re:Well just block port 80, 8080 (Score:2)