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Microsoft Caught Rigging ZD Net Poll

Posted by CmdrTaco on Wed Jan 09, 2002 12:20 PM
from the now-thats-funny-stuff dept.
Dj writes "Microsoft have been found to be rigging a ZDNet poll". Apparently they didn't dig on the idea of .NET losing. Of course as anyone knows, never trust an online poll because this sort of stuff is obviosly happening all the time. I just wonder how many comments posted around the net are posted with the same goals in mind.
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  • So... (Score:5, Funny)

    by Magus311X (5823) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:23PM (#2810244)
    This is what their marketing department does all day ...

    Figures.

    -----
  • by swingkid (3585) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:25PM (#2810267)
    Many addled Microsoft employees mistakenly voted for Pat Buchanan
  • by louzerr (97449) <<Mr.Pete.Nelson> <at> <gmail.com>> on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:26PM (#2810273) Homepage
    Wow, M$ must be really hurting for cash! They usually just buy a good rating!
  • Damn. (Score:4, Funny)

    by Byteme (6617) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:26PM (#2810279) Homepage
    If I had known that MS would win I would not have voted for Cowboy Neal. (This is the last time I am voting for the Green Party).

  • by bricriu (184334) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:28PM (#2810294) Homepage
    ... this is particularly annoying because it's exactly this sort of statistic that will be used by middle-management (and/or Microsoft flacks) to justify switching project backbones to .NET

    "Well, look, this says 74% of programmers out there are eager to use .NET! Guess we should too!"

    It's not like this is some hobbyist site. It's ZDNet. Some people actually listen to them.

    And it's not like you're voting for Coolest Transformer of All Time. They're creating a grossly skewed statistic that could actually be used to figure out where millions of dollars gets invested.
  • by wiredog (43288) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:30PM (#2810315) Journal
    They'll be trolling slashdot and having dead people send letters to their congresscritters.
  • by Graabein (96715) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:30PM (#2810325) Homepage Journal
    ID ZDnet knew the poll was rigged, why didn't they pull it ASAP?

    The poll is still available here [zdnet.co.uk]. It carries no warnings or disclaimers that the poll has been massively rigged by Microsoft.

    Why?

    • by OWJones (11633) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:41PM (#2810459) Homepage

      The poll is still available here. It carries no warnings or disclaimers that the poll has been massively rigged by Microsoft

      Sounds like it's time to put the Slashdot 31337 h@x0r sk1llz to use and swing the poll back the correct way. I mean, are we really going to let some MS-scripting-language-based ballot stuffer beat out a good ol' PERL ballot stuffer??

      I think not. :) Let's get to work.

      -jdm

      • by istartedi (132515) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:28PM (#2810893) Journal

        I can see it now:

        PHB: We have to use Java for our next project.

        Dilbert: Why?

        PHB: According to this ZDNet poll, 99% of IT Professionals say it's the best choice.

        Dilbert: Ummm... 1,234,243,324,234 votes for Java vs. 98,234,242,123 for .Net. Doesn't that tell you something?

        PHB: Don't bother me with the technical details, just get to work. We have a client in London with a trillion customers who need it by next Tuesday.

    • by bungalow (61001) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:26PM (#2810877)
      It appears that the article has been edited since you linked to it.

      The new test reads thus:


      On 21 December, ZDNet posted a story reporting the preliminary results of this poll, which showed a large majority of respondents who said they planned to deliver applications via Web services by the end of 2002 favoured Java for the job. At the time, Java outranked .Net by a factor of three in this poll. By early January, the position had reversed; the results are shown here. An investigation indicated that Microsoft employees used vote-rigging to distort the results. The full story can be found here.
  • by Masem (1171) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:31PM (#2810329)
    In their 3rd point on the reputed email, ZDNet has to say:
    We know this, because our logs include the Web address where visitors browsed from; when people click there from a Microsoft Exchange email message, Exchange helpfully gives us the subject line and username.
    Certainly, Referrer is a common way to determine where people are coming from, but it seems to be a rather interesting privacy/security problem that MS Exchange would include the username in the HTTP request referrer field. If anything, I would expect a link in email to be a direct entry into a site, thus having no referrer field. (Of course, those of us that use plain text email simply cut and paste, and referrer ends up empty anyway). Even with this, I can see how this would easily work for spammers: have the 'click here to opt-out' link, and even if you have to do additional work on the end site to 'opt-out', they have guarenteed your email address at that point.

  • by dozing (111230) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:31PM (#2810336) Homepage
    Several of the voters evidently followed a link contained in an email, the subject line of which ran: "PLEASE STOP AND VOTE FOR .NET!"

    Is this terribly different from what happens when slashdot has a post announcing some poll about linux? I'm sure we've rigged our share in the past. Not that I think Microsoft is right. I'm just trying to give a little perspective and play devil's advocate for a moment. Feel free to mod me down because you dissagree.

    • by Hooya (518216) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:45PM (#2810483) Homepage
      it's not terribly different only just slightly. When i hit a link on slashdot asking me to go vote for something, i'm not being paid by slashdot in any shape or form. thus there is no obligation on my part to comply with that request. whatever my reactions are are solely mine. on the other hand, when your employer asks you to 'stop what you're doing for a minute and go do this...', you have been asked to do something for which you are being paid for (you are on company time).

      Therefore, we could conclude that people were paid to vote on MSs behalf. Whereas when we click on a link on slashdot, unless you're CmdrTaco or CowboyNeal etc.. you're not being paid to do so and are under no obligation. not terribly different, but slightly enough to make a huge difference. Asking someone to vote one way or the other vs. paying someone to do so. slightly different.

  • What happened (Score:4, Insightful)

    by CaptainSuperBoy (17170) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:32PM (#2810353) Homepage Journal
    What probably happened is, some MS sales guy stumbled across the poll so he drafted an e-mail entitled "PLEASE STOP AND VOTE FOR .NET!" This goes along with the take-no-prisoners attitude that has been seen coming from MS execs like that sales guy who wrote the "kill linux" e-mails. So the e-mail makes the rounds, everyone at MS clicks over to the poll and votes for .NET. Nothing major, just shows you why web polls can't be trusted.

    I seriously doubt that this was organized by anyone high level at MS.. probably just a salesman who thought it would be a good idea to get everyone to vote in the poll.
    • Re:What happened (Score:4, Interesting)

      by Satai (111172) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:30PM (#2810910)
      I seriously doubt that this was organized by anyone high level at MS.. probably just a salesman who thought it would be a good idea to get everyone to vote in the poll.

      The question on my mind... was he fired - or promoted?

    • by Omnifarious (11933) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:34PM (#2810952) Homepage Journal

      I seriously doubt that this was organized by anyone high level at MS.. probably just a salesman who thought it would be a good idea to get everyone to vote in the poll.

      And the attitude and outlook required to think this was a good idea, and for lots of people within the organization to act on it is organized by people at a high level in MS. They bear culpability for the actions they encourage in their employees.

      It is precisely because their top level execs encourage this kind of ethically bankrupt thinking among the rank and file that Microsoft is in the anti-trust hot water it's in today, and precisely why they're such an evil company.

      • Re:What happened (Score:4, Insightful)

        by Pfhreakaz0id (82141) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:46PM (#2811077)
        oh come on? "ethically bankrupt"? This would happen at just about every business. I guarantee you, at least at any I ever worked at. That doesn't make it any less wholesome, but don't pretend that Microsoft is ethically any different, it's just a matter of scale.
    • Re:What happened (Score:4, Insightful)

      by KjetilK (186133) <kjetilk@@@computas...com> on Wednesday January 09 2002, @02:08PM (#2811238) Homepage Journal

      I seriously doubt that this was organized by anyone high level at MS..

      Yeah, and I would say this isn't really about rigging. Hey, how many geeks here would hack up a perl script to vote for something cool (say a project you worked on), if somebody passed along an e-mail about it?

      Come on! Everybody does this! It's the reason why /. polls are the way they are. Nobody should ever trust a web poll for anything, it's as simple as that.

      I remember when a bunch of guys here at the IT department (the guys who sit around with root access for all campus computers) threw in tens if not hundreds of computers in voting for their favorite beer a hot summer night. It was a big newspaper that ran the vote, and their script prevented one IP from voting more than once every ten minutes, but they could vote efficiently enough with hundreds of computers voting... After they got their own favorite beer on top, they voted a non-alcoholic beer up to 2nd place just to make a point.... :-) The newspaper never checked the logs or realized what had happened, they only noted a few surprising results...

      I bet there are geeks at M$ who are behind this. OK, we know that you sold your soul to M$, but hey, step forward and tell us about it, I'm sure we will understand...! :-)

  • by 0xA (71424) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:36PM (#2810392)
    Microsoft anounces new "Hailstorm Zeigiest"

    As show recently on the website www.ZDnet.com online polling is often subject to massive fraud and inapropriate uses. Microsoft has again chosen to lead the way in this expanding market with an extention to the Hailstorm initative called "Zeitgiest".

    "Hailstorm.Zeitgeist.net will allow content creators new abilities to track online poll submitions and ensure acurate results", says Microsoft Chairman Bill Gates. "With this technology available our marketing departments will finaly be able to track down those whiny little.. Oh, wrong one." *FUMBLE* *FUMBLE* "This technology will will allow webmasters to do neat stuff with authentication", continued Gates.

    When asked for his input CEO Steve Balmer added "DEVELOPERS, DEVELOPERS, DEVELOPERS!"

    In possibly related news 1337 script kiddy Dr3am!D3m0n on the IRC channel #hax0r5 commented, "Oh cool. That dwarf thing was funny but I guarantee RMS is gonna be on People's 25 Sexiest Celebrities this year."

  • Hohum (Score:4, Insightful)

    by Erasmus Darwin (183180) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:39PM (#2810435)
    First, I'm sure we've all seen "please vote for X" campaigns on the internet. Just because it happens to be Microsoft employees in this case doesn't make it particularly more interesting.

    Second, Microsoft uses proxying for Internet-related stuff, which could make the multi-vote issue appear to be worse than it actually is, as many separate users would come from a single IP.

    Third, yes, it seems someone ran a script from within the microsoft.com domain. That could've been anyone in the company with a PC. My bet is on "random stupid employee". If it were an actual conspiracy, I doubt they would've done it from something within the microsoft.com domain.

    In short, it's the same bullshit that happens with every web poll. While it doesn't reflect well on the company, it almost certainly is the evil marketing conspiracy that everyone makes it out to be.

  • by jd (1658) <imipak@y3.14ahoo.com minus pi> on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:40PM (#2810439) Homepage Journal
    This is NOT about someone rigging an online opinion poll. That happens all the time, and more than a few polls have been Slashdotted in their time. It's no big deal, because most such polls have no significance.


    Rather, this is about a company creating an illusion of popularity, in order to sell a technology and a philosophy that customers are hesitent to buy. People are keen to keep up with the Jonses, but nobody wants to be caught with a dead fish. Microsoft knows this. The only way .NET will sell is if people believe it already is.


    THAT is the purpose of the ballot rigging. And this may actually be a further Monopoly violation. They are leveraging a monopoly in one area to create a monopoly in another. This is in violation of the Sherman Act, which Microsoft has been convicted of violating.


    Should this "incident" be taken to the courts, as evidence of further legal violations, by the dissenting States, I could very well imagine the judge being extremely unhappy with Microsoft. Breaking the law that you're already on trial for breaking generally doesn't win many friends.


    The leaked letters, alleging that Microsoft is trying to spy out Linux installations, and pressure companies into replacing them, during technical support calls, may also prove a bitter poison to Microsoft, come March.


    This is not the mark of a company in fear. This is the mark of a company that has had its fear glands surgically removed, and is hell-bent on enslaving all minds and all technology to its will.


    In short, Microsoft's recent attitudes are perfectly timed, given the recent LoTR movie release. Forget the Borg, Bill Gates is either Sauron or Morgoth.

  • by f00zbll (526151) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:46PM (#2810496)
    Everyone knows alot of companies do it, but when this type of thing happens repeatedly, does it affect public perception? I mean really. If this was GM trying to win the public over about the safety of truck tires, would the public just roll over?

    It's terribly short sighted of tech companies to resort to this type of tactic, because it makes everyone in the industry look bad. Gloating over M$ getting bashed for this kind of behavior doesn't do much for improving public perception of technology companies. A lot of people I know already have a negative view of Information Technology and think it's eletist.

    Here's to hoping companies learn to behave more ethically, but I'm not holding my breathe.

  • by DeadBugs (546475) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:54PM (#2810558) Homepage
    He has to be, he's getting way too many votes
  • so what? (Score:4, Insightful)

    by donutz (195717) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:59PM (#2810599) Homepage Journal
    Not to sound pro-Microsoft (or pro-Linux, pro-*BSD, etc), but who really cares? it's just another web popularity poll with no scientific basis or anything. So someone at Microsoft saw the poll and sent around an email telling everyone to vote for .NET, and to pass the message along. This isn't any different than if Linux users did the same thing, pass an email around and tell people to vote Linux. The poll basically means NOTHING. The same thing happened at the college I went to, there was some online battle of the Mascots or something and I'd get emails from the IS dept secretary telling us to vote for Bucky Badger. Same exact thing.

    As for the automated multiple vote scripts...well, can't blame them for trying.
  • Happens all the time (Score:4, Interesting)

    by ttfkam (37064) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:02PM (#2810634) Homepage Journal
    I really does, and not just online. I worked for a company that did websites for radio stations. We were reading results from a poll as part of an on-air contest where people could call in or use the web to vote for their favorite band. After a snafu with the data, we contacted the station to apologize for losing about a quarter of the results of the first few hours of the contest. We were expecting to be (quite rightly) reamed for it even though the contest had the rest of the week to run its course.

    As it turned out, they didn't mind at all. They had already decided who the top two choices would be and only cared which of the two came out on top. In short, Limp Bizkit was popular, but not THAT popular.

    I won't name names, but perhaps folks who listen to popular radio in the Chicago area (and other major venues) should keep this in mind the next time your radio station claims to give you what *YOU* want.

    It's not just online...
  • by ptrourke (529610) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:04PM (#2810659) Homepage

    Bill: Damnit, blocked again.

    Steve: Bill, if it didn't work the other 226 times you tried to reclick, what makes you think it will work the 227th?

    There is a very high incidence of people attempting to cast multiple votes, even though the poll script blocked out most attempts at multiple voting. The one that wins the prize made 228 attempts to vote. This person was from within the microsoft.com domain.

  • by seismic (91160) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:06PM (#2810679)
    There will soon be a poll on the Microsoft web site where 90% will indicate that Microsoft did nothing wrong and the allegation is completely unfounded.
  • History repeating (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Tim Macinta (1052) <twm@alum.mit.edu> on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:09PM (#2810702) Homepage
    I just wonder how many comments posted around the net are posted with the same goals in mind.

    Microsoft got caught ages ago with its hand in the cookie jar doing exactly that with the Barkto indcident [essential.org].

  • by ChaoticCoyote (195677) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:09PM (#2810710) Homepage

    ...where clueless managers (and politicians) make technological decisions based on polls and headlines, this sort of lying is very troublesome and dangerous. Such polls are important because they influence small-minded people with the power to control the software that gets written.

    Of course, the "powers that be" probably won't care that Microsoft cheated on this (or any other) poll. All they know is to bet on a winner -- Microsoft -- even if that winner is a lying, cheating scum-bag. After all, winning is all that matters in the U.S. today, isn't it?

    Damn, I'm getting cynical in my old age. ;)

  • by kingosric (472809) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:12PM (#2810738)
    But at least they are *incompetent* bastards....
  • by uslinux.net (152591) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:21PM (#2810816) Homepage
    Perhaps ZDNet needs a disclaimer? Something along the lines of:

    • Don't complain about lack of options. You've got to pick a few when you do multiple choice. Those are the breaks.
    • Feel free to suggest poll ideas if you're feeling creative. I'd strongly suggest reading the past polls first.
    • This whole thing is wildly inaccurate. Rounding errors, ballot stuffers, dynamic IPs, firewalls. If you're using these numbers to do anything important, you're insane.
  • by blamanj (253811) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:36PM (#2810977)
    At least the audience at ZDNet is likely to be aware that such things happen.

    What bothers me is when CNN puts up a poll like "Now that we've squashed the Taliban, should we go after Saddam Hussein?"

    For one thing, their audience is less likely to be familiar with statistical methods, and for another, I'm sure I've heard them report the results of "an online survey" as news, which gives it far more weight than it deserves.
  • To most PHBs this would be considered big news that Microsoft intentionally tried to alter an online poll. Just because "we" know how they have behaived badly before doesnt meen that the PHBs do. Most of them are just aware of what the MS salesperson tells them when he visit their company. No sane person would let MS into their company if the knew what they wore locking themswlves into and just how low MS seems to be willing to go in their marketing and sales efforts. Im not biased, just well informed after 20 years in computers.
  • by Pinball Wizard (161942) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @03:06PM (#2811666) Homepage Journal
    I don't recall reading in the poll that Microsoft employees were not allowed to vote. Shit, they have 40,000 people working for them. Is it not possible that the poll could have been won fair and square with the majority of respondents coming from the microsoft.com domain?


    OK, so at least some users cheated and voted more than once. But its doubtful that upper management directed the cheating or would have even condoned it, as obvious cheating would only apply more tarnish to Microsofts reputation.


    As far as I'm concerned, unless the poll specified that Microsoft employees were ineligible to vote, its a valid win, even if 95 percent of the respondents came from the microsoft.com domain.

    • Re:There's a shocker (Score:5, Interesting)

      by DRO0 (252117) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:34PM (#2810375)
      Maybe, maybe not. If you do a search on google for "poll rig fix", here's the 3rd result.

      http://www.theregister.co.uk/content/1/13255.html [theregister.co.uk]
        • by fader (107759) <fader&hotpop,com> on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:35PM (#2810964) Homepage
          I agree with you... up to the point that each person should vote once. But I guess the guy who submitted 228 votes for MS will be implementing 228 different web services next year?
          • by malfunct (120790) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @03:36PM (#2811908) Homepage
            No, what happened is there are a handful of proxies to serve 20,000 employees. It makes perfect sense that if MS said hey guys, you are implementing .NET projects so go vote, that there would be lots of "multiple vote" submissions from the same machines especially if filtering was done on IP. Any corporation that uses a web gateway in its firewall would have the same problem. Its like if you are home and you NAT you would get picked up for multiple submissions if you voted on your computer and your wife voted on her computer.

            I guess what I'd argue ethics wise is whether its right for the employees for the company creating the product should vote to say "I'm using the product its cool". On one hand it is a whole bunch of people that ARE implementing .NET products. On the other hand its 1 single company implementing all those projects.

            Not that I will defend MS on the ethics front here because they were trying to boost the score for .NET. I don't know that I'd go so far as to say they rigged the vote. There are 40,000 MS employees many of which who are extremely loyal to the company who would vote from inside the MS firewall. All of those votes would be routed through the proxies so all 40,000 votes from independant people would actually look like they came from a few hundred IP's.

    • Re:There's a shocker (Score:5, Interesting)

      by Anonymous Coward on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:48PM (#2810509)
    • by mbessey (304651) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:38PM (#2810410) Homepage Journal
      I don't think that Microsoft did anything really wrong here. It'd be different if online polls had any of the same validity that real polls do. But they don't, which makes it merely a question of who most effectively stuffs the ballot box.

      There's no reason to think that any of the people who voted in that poll are actually planning to deploy any kind of Web infrastructure, ever. Most of those who voted are probably 13 year olds who think that "Java is cool", so they voted for it.

      Even if the poll results were completely "fair" before MS started stuffing ballots, who's to say that the cross-section of people that responded was at all appropriate. Real polling companies spend a lot of effort trying to get statistically-valid results, which is why they charge money for the service.

      I know that if any product I work on shows up in a popularity poll (again), I'll vote early and often, and encourage others to do the same.

      -Mark

      • by MillionthMonkey (240664) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @02:08PM (#2811230)
        ... because everyone knows online polls aren't statistically valid by any stretch of the imagination.

        In your dreams. NOT everyone knows this, and even if they do know it, they're still likely to use these stupid polls when forming an opinion.

        When teenagers buy some stock and talk it up in chat rooms before dumping it, they get in trouble even though the rumors they spread obviously have no statistical validity. Most people are innumerate and don't base their buying decisions on statistically valid information. They're influenced by stupid stuff like online polls and rumors. Part of the blame lies with zdnet for running a stupid online poll like this one. Their crime is laziness- a good poll is more work and takes more time. Easier to throw a stupid script on the site and see what happens. But most of the blame belongs squarely on the people at MS who tampered with the information.

        This poll wasn't something like "Who's your favorite Spice Girl?". Its intended audience is the clueless IT guy who's got a limited budget and is faced with a decision on whether to use MS or non-MS technology for a given project. The only conceivable purpose of the poll manipulation was to sway these people. How is pumping up a worthless stock any worse than pumping up a worthless technology?

        Web polls are inherently untrustworthy. Everyone knows this. No big deal.

        You and your friends know this. Lots of people don't. I would even say that the people most likely to be swayed by this poll are the ones who control the largest amounts of technology spending.
    • by Anonymous Coward on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:46PM (#2810501)
      This is nothing new.

      Our company has 40k employees and whenever there is a big poll somewhere involving any of our products, a memo is sent out to the entire company telling everyone to go vote for our products.

      Needless to say, even a portion of that 40,000 can drastically change the skew of a poll.

      I always vote for a competitor because I find it detestible that my employer would do this.
      • by Tackhead (54550) on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:40PM (#2810441)
        > Most of the votes came from an internal Microsoft email titled "STOP AND VOTE FOR .NET" though.

        When I asked "What do you get if you cross the Cult of $cientology with Steve Ballmer?", I was being rhetorical! I didn't want to find out!

    • Re:Hmmmm.... (Score:5, Insightful)

      by mjh (57755) <mark@@@hornclan...com> on Wednesday January 09 2002, @12:51PM (#2810531) Homepage Journal
      How would a simple email with a link encouraging employees to vote be different than a presidential candidate sending an e-mail out telling everyone register for their party or even go an vote? Sure, there's an obvious bias, but what makes you think that *anyone* is voting that doesn't have a bias?

      Becuase it's a poll. When someone reads that 74% of poll respondants think blah, they assume that it's an accurate sample of what everyone thinks. But those same people conveniently gloss over the fact that this is a non-scientific poll.

      What you see here is an attempt by Microsoft to convince the their skeptics that lots of people like Microsoft. Microsoft couldn't care less about the people who already chose them. They want to convince the people who voted for Java that they're in the minority, and they ought to reconsider switching to .NET... "everyone's doing it!". And in the software developer world, the more in the minority you are, the more difficult it is to sell your wares.

      It's worse than normal marketing. It's seriously slimey. It's not just a lie. It's an attempt to make someone else (ZDNet) lie for you! It's despicable... and no less so when /. does it.

    • Re:Hmmmm.... (Score:4, Interesting)

      by geekoid (135745) <dadinportland.yahoo@com> on Wednesday January 09 2002, @01:28PM (#2810896) Homepage Journal
      If a UPS guy runs over somebody while on UPS time, UPS is held accountable.
      If the register person at McDonalds reaches across the coulter an punches you, McDonalds is responsibles.
      If I write a sript that causes another company to loose all its data, the company I work for is responsible.

      Sure, the people who commmit the offence are to blame as well, but company are responsible for the actions of there employee's.

      If a company sent you an email that said "Please remeber to Go Vote", an thats it, fine, got no problm with that, but if a company says "Go Vote For Gore" Now we have a problem. PIF, companies have gotten into trouble for encouraging employees to vote for a specific candidate.