BS. There's no ozone and at the height these balloons would float the UV and assorted stuff from the sun would fry you in seconds.

They are, however, correct. Venus has no (innate) magnetic field, only a weak induced one (about 2x that of Mars's induced field), but it has a massive atmosphere. The mass of matter over your head at a reasonable habitat altitude/latitude combination is equivalent to that of about 5 meters of water. Way more shielding than is necessary for human life. Of course, having even more shielding would be even better, as it would of course be nice to have Earthlike protection levels. But you could survive even a Carrington Event on Venus. Getting 5 meters of water-mass-equivalent over a Mars habitat, while doable, is quite an undertaking, and means you're living basically in a bunker.

Wtf re you smoking? Archimedes principle holds on Venus just as on Earth. Lose your lifting gas and you sink and on Venus you'll soon start to cook.

Aerostat internal pressures are very similar to the pressure outside of them, and they hold a tremendous amount of gas. A 1 cm hole is basically irrelevant in an aerostat; it's just some extra work for your gas generators, vs. what it already has to overcome due to gas diffusion through the envelope. By contrast, a 1cm hole in a tin-can habitat on Mars will kill you in minutes.

Venus's middle cloud layer is quite similar in most properties to Earth's troposphere, with convection cells, wind speeds, etc seemingly having a similar distribution to that on Earth. There's also lighting, seemingly at roughly Earth levels (though a lot of uncertainty), although we know very little about it, including even where it occurs (incl. whether it's in the middle layer), and why. Because Mars hogs most of the planetary exploration budget :P

Aerostats generally deal better with turbulence than fixed wing aircraft. They interact with it sort of like a ship at sea, with long, slow undulations rather than sharp jerks.

Uhh,, are you crazy?? It's got an atmosphere with clouds of pure acid that snows lead sulfide on a surface that'll melt you face in 5 seconds.

So, this is not only wrong, but it'd actually be more convenient if it were true ;)

Venus's middle cloud layer (the one in question) is actually more like vog (volcanic fog) on Earth. It's not an acid bath, it's a sparse aerosol, with visibility measured in kilometers. The particulates are higher molar than on Earth, but otherwise, it's not a very aggressive environment, and if not for the molarity difference it would be on the order of standard worker PEL levels. You could be out in shirtsleeves for quite a while before you started getting dermatitis (but you would need face protection, both for breathing, and to protect your eyes - not just from the aerosols, but also e.g. carbon monoxide).

(Here I should add the caveat that we don't know if there's any precipitation or dew/frost in Venus's middle cloud layer; it's still a debated topic. We've put so damned little resources into studying Venus, unfortunately, and as a result there's still massive unanswered questions)

Lead sulfide has absolutely nothing to do with Venus's middle cloud layer. It is a (probable) surface phenomenon in Venus's highest regions. The fact that Venus's surface is a natural chemical vapor deposition lab (plus has some interesting volcanic fractionalization / selective thermal erosion possibilities) does, however, raise interesting resource possibilities. The surface, though hostile, was accessible even to Soviet tech developed in the 1960s; much of what we build for industry has to endure vastly more hostile conditions than Venus's surface. The air is so dense that it makes landing much easier than on Mars - it's been calculated that with the right trajectory, you could fire a hollow titanium sphere at Venus, have it enter the atmosphere, decelerate from orbital velocity, and land intact on the surface, without any entry/descent system whatsoever). One probe lost its parachute during descent and still landed intact. The atmosphere is dense enough that you can "dredge" loose material, and fly around with a small metal bellows balloon (controlling flight with small winglets), and return to altitude with a phase-change balloon.

(There is - probably - a metal in Venus's middle cloud layer, but it's small amounts of iron chloride, a soluble salt)

As for the comment I made earlier about how it would be easier if the middle cloud layer had more acid: sulfuric acid is a resource to a Venus habitat. While it's not needed for lift (lift on Venus can be done with just normal, breathable Earth air, with about half the lift of helium on Earth - you can live inside your envelope, with N2 straight from the atmosphere and O2 made from CO2), H2SO4 is your main source of *hydrogen*. Specifically, heating the aerosols first releases free water vapour. Further heating splits it into SO3 and more H2O. You can then further heat the SO3 over a vanadium pentoxide catalyst to split it to SO2 and O2, or you can inject the SO3 into the front of your scrubber to help extract more free water vapour (it's not all in the aerosols) .

Hydrogen is needed not just for your habitats's water needs (note: gases will always slowly permeate in and out of your envelope, it's not a closed system), but also for propulsion for ascent stages and for producing polymers (including the envelope itself). Ascent stages need lots of hydrogen, unless you go hydrogen-free (carbon monoxide, cyanogen, etc), but these have either poor ISP or big problems with things like toxicity, stability, and/or esp. combustion chamber temperature); even "low hydrogen" fuels like acetylene, diacetylene, H additives to hydrogen-free props, etc still need massive amounts of hydrogen to reach orbit. Chemical rockets would need to be at least two stages, be recovered by balloons, hang and be manipulated from the bottom of the envelope, and would take up the majority of your lift capacity. Far more realistic are nuclear thermal rockets - while they burn pure hydrogen, they're so efficient at it that they don't use that much, they give you SSTO capability, and a number of designs can allow for propellantless atmospheric flight / hover (for easier docking).

Your three limiting resources are hydrogen, fluorine (from HF in the atmosphere, but there's not that much HF in the atmosphere if you plan to use a lot of fluoropolymers), and "metals" - the latter being limited by how much you're dredging or digging the surface (with the exception of small amounts of iron from iron chloride).

BTW, hydrogen on Venus isn't the same as on Earth - it's over 2 orders of magnitude higher deuterium percentage (H+ was lost via the solar wind). Probably not high enough to be a health threat, but high enough to be a resource. If you store energy via reversible fual cells/electrolysis, you can wire them in a cascade to separate deuterium every time you charge and discharge. Fuel cells and electrolysis have quite high separation factors for deuterium. At about $1k per tonne, deuterium wouldn't be a viable export commodity at *current* launch pricing, but if launch costs get down enough, it certainly could become one. The other thing Venus has in abundance is power - both solar (though it depends on your latitude and altitude), and of particular note, wind between different altitudes. If you hang a winged wind turbine off a long cable from the main altitude, having it fly many km lower or higher than the habitat, you have a nonstop, quite intense wind differential to generate from.

Yeah, this report reeks of the people promoting Lunar exploration in order to mine Helium 3: a solution in search of a problem. They already have the thing in mind that they want to happen (in this case, settle Mars) and are searching backwards for a means to justify it.

In no way, if the actual goal is "studying life", will $100B buy you more results by sending humans than by sending robots, and nor will it shorten the schedule.When you put humans into the mix, suddenly all of the resources for your project end up going to delivering, sustaining, and retrieving that "smart hammer" you're sending, rather than the actual scientific equipment.

I'm not saying that there can't be good justifications for settling other planets - their can be. Musk's is the most defensible, IMHO (that it's a long, slow, expensive project, but is needed to learn how to make this rare thing (consciousness) redundant against natural and manmade disasters (the latter risk of which grows every year), and we never know how much time we'll have left to do the very-long project needed to do so. Though Musk IMHO grossly downplays the timescales and costs for true resource-independence (or rather, independence to the degree that *if necessary*, it could develop full resource independence on its own, even if shipments of key supplies from Earth are more efficient), and his "quick terraforming" notions are fantasy.

He's listed like a dozen things that he wants to pay for with the tariff money, each of which would individually consume anywhere from "a large minority of it" to "more than all of it".

Not to say that spending money to do "cool things" is inherently wrong, but just as a reminder: the Trump administration cut $8B from USAID's annual budget and it's projected to lead to 14 million extra deaths by 2030, 4,5m of them children.

[William Stanley Jevons has entered the chat]

It's this observation that makes me skeptical about the whole humanoid hype fest.

You have a strange definition of humanoid.

The second thing is that people are damn cheap.

Depends entirely where you are. Labour in our greenhouses here (Iceland) is insanely expensive and makes it difficult to compete on the global market against imports (even imports of perishable things that are expensive to ship). Replacing workers with machines on a given task might not be economical, in, say, Uganda, while it might be a complete no-brainer here.

That said, there are also things that we could do to bring labour costs down, but don't. For example, at the same time we struggle with high labour costs and shortages in fields like agriculture, we also have problems with too many asylum seekers, most of whose cases get rejected and kicked out (economic migrants), but not for many months of limbo, living at taxpayer expense, when what they really want to do is work here. The obvious solution is to make an agricultural worker visa, where while you're guaranteed the same labour/safety standards but you're not guaranteed Icelandic minimum wages and benefits - but still far better than these people would get in their homeland. The vast majority of them would be thrilled to sign up for such a thing if it would guarantee them residence. But migration-politics is such a hotbutton political issue right now globally, it's hard to do any commonsense stuff like that.

. At the moment, making such a robot that can even perform that task well, let alone be cheap and, importantly, reliable, is a very difficult problem.

I'd also add that while picking is the glamorous AI task, it's only part of the work. In greenhouses at least (I don't have field-tomato cultivation experience) we do an awful lot to manage the plants**. You have to remove the suckers at every internode on the plant (except those at the base to get the proper number of vines per plant), you have to remove the lower leaves at regular intervals, you have to wind the plants around the string that they grow up, when the plants get tall you have to slide the tops over so that they grow at a diagonal, and on and on. And that's just the management for the mature plants - you also replace your plants at regular intervals, so you have to start new plants grow them, repot them, grow them, then plant them out (not just the planting, but also replacing the growing medium) - plus all of the side stuff like cleaning, managing irrigation, and on and on. Harvesting the fruit is just one task among many.

** To anyone reading this who is surprised about all of the plant manipulation, think of it this way: you have a finite amount of surface area for light to hit, and a finite amount of root volume for each plant. So once your plants get to a size where they're basically using all the light and basically have rooted through the whole growing medium, the only way you can keep their growth in balance as they continue to grow is to keep removing old leaves. And you need to stop any branching immediately because again all that branches would do is just grow into your other plants. And once your plants are so long that they've hit the top of your wires, the only thing you can do is slide the wires over so that the plants are growing (ever-increasingly) diagonally. Nothing you can do about the fact that the stems just keep getting longer and longer as the top continues to grow except replace the plants at regular intervals - you need to let the plant continue to grow because that's how you get new blossoms for fruiting. Removing the lower leaves also has the nice side effect that the tomatoes that are maturing lower down are left fully exposed, making them easy to harvest. You harvest as they hit maturity. Once your plants have hit their max size, you top them and go hard on top/branch removal until the majority of your tomatoes left on the plant are harvest-ready, then take them all. A good trick BTW to boost flavour right before harvest is to significantly up the EC in the irrigation solution (to levels that would normally be wasteful or even detrimental to the plant), as it results in effectively "salting" the tomatoes.

Leave it to Slashdotters to complain about tomato-picking going from "repetitive mindless activity at maximum velocity" to "only the cases that you have to use your brain to think about because a robot isn't smart enough".

I guess we should have people manually screwing the caps onto toothpaste tubes also.

Every economy will always have some unemployed and underemployed people, as every economy is constantly shifting, as does people's status as to what kind of work they can carry out. That doesn't mean it's efficient or sustainable to say, "Oh, you lost your job yesterday? You're a farmer now!". Japan has an unemployment rate of ~2,5%, which is actually quite low. Japan is famous for making "busywork" jobs for people. "Oh, you have a traumatic brain injury and have trouble walking quickly? Just stand over there and hold this sign."

Will do! :)

Realistically the two things that will make it happen are

1. China is doing it
3. Billionaire joyrides

Heck, Americans have spent that much this year paying for Trump's tariffs!

But would we? If WB goes under and its bones get picked apart by Netflix and Paramount and whomever all that content doesn't go away, those producers get rehired, we're down a streaming service anyways, their catalog an assets are split up what did we as consumers lose out on long term? More fragmenting and siloing of content? I guess some convenience is lost but really do we lose or is most of the loss for the shareholders?