Interstate Highway System: 50th Anniversary 718
Steve Melito writes "This week, CR4: The Engineer's Place for Discussion and News, celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System, "a giant nationwide engineering project" that transformed a nation. In 1994, the American Society of Civil Engineers described the Eisenhower Interstate Highway System as "one of the Seven Wonders of the United States". In 2006, this network of roads includes 46,000 miles of highway; 55,000 bridges; 82 tunnels, and 14,000 interchanges. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHA), excavation for the interstate system has moved enough material to bury the State of Connecticut knee-deep in dirt. The amount of Portland cement could build more than 80 Hoover dams, or lay six sidewalks to the moon. The lumber used would consume all of the trees in 500 square miles of forest. The structural steel could build 170 skyscrapers the size of the Empire State Building, and meet nearly half of the annual requirements of the American auto industry.
Check back with CR4 all week as we cover the 'Roots of the Road,' 'the Politics of Passage,' 'Adventures in Civil Engineering,' and 'The Road Ahead.'" One of the things that's interesting about why Eisenhower pushed for the highway system was that he saw the Autobahn system in Germany during the occupation post-WWII and knew that that was one of the things that the United States needed to develop.
Cue the analogies... (Score:5, Insightful)
And has encouraged americans (Score:3, Insightful)
And has encouraged americans to use enough gas to fill a swimming pool, each year.
Ike also saw the wonderful mass transit capable of the european trains, but that wasn't good enough...
Government vs. Private (Score:5, Insightful)
I think in cases like this, private industry just would not have the resources and coordination to pull it off. Nor the motivation.
But in any case, NOBODY, public or private, wants to do mega-projects anymore. Complacency is the word of the day.
Whooptie doo (Score:3, Insightful)
Ike had a dick-size war with the Soviets, and won (Score:5, Insightful)
Thanks Ike, for giving the US the upper hand in the Cold War. He's also the one whose parting words were something like "Beware the military-industrial complex." A wise man, why can't we get Presidents like this anymore?
Re:Bridges galore? (Score:5, Insightful)
No, no it wasn't (Score:2, Insightful)
We also like our wide, expansive country. We also like our small towns. We like living in the country and commuting to the city. Trains work great in some places and not so well in other places; there is no "universal solution". So please take your trolling somewhere else and let us marvel and some fine engineering from the 1950's. Thanks.
Re:Bridges galore? (Score:5, Insightful)
Not every bridge crosses the Mississippi.
Doubt they'd count overpasses/underpasses, that'd probably really inflate the number...
It does sound a way off (Score:3, Insightful)
The info here (http://interstate50th.org/trivia.shtml) and here (http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/highway.htm) seems to bear this out... but it still sounds funny
Re:Whooptie doo (Score:3, Insightful)
Drive from Chicago to Los Angeles, you run into traffic once along the way (Denver).
Re:Bridges galore? (Score:3, Insightful)
In addition to what the others have said, any bridge where the highway traffic directions are separated probably counts as two bridges, not one.
If we had only stuck with the autobahn... (Score:3, Insightful)
If you look at a map of any place with urban sprawl, like Atlanta, highways are the first cancerous veins that spread the disease of McMansions and thirty mile commutes. If there were far less highway entrances and exits, and someone besides complete idiots in the zoning office, the inconvenience of driving five miles to the nearest highway exit would cause more people to buy homes closer to town. Cities would then be more efficent and better served by mass transit systems. With less cars, and fewer and shorter car commutes, we'd also lessen our dependence on foreign oil. People would be forced to do more with less, so instead of having entire floors that go unused (yet still air conditioned), more efficient townhomes and apartments would be used instead.
Proper city planning will determine which civilization survives the 21st century the best. It's too bad America is doing so poorly.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:3, Insightful)
I get really bitter when I think at how marvelous it would be to have railroads in place of every interstate...gah! Oh well.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:5, Insightful)
Sheesh, he wasn't a troll... it's a valid point, if simplistically put. /rolls eyes
We need both highways and mass transport, and the failing of 1950s planning was that it prioritized highways above all else. A better use of resources would have been to build the rural and interstate parts of the system the same way they were built, but to substitute trains for some of the capacity in the urban network.
In Europe, they've got it all. Their intercity highways are better than ours. And for commuting, they have train networks that actually work and are pleasant enough that people want to use them. Saves gas, saves time (the high-speed trains are faster and you don't have to park them), and you can still drive your car just fine when you are going somewhere the trains don't go or don't reach effectively.
At this point I'd like to see the next big infrastructure investment be in a European-style intercity, high-speed train network to give people an alternative to highways. It wouldn't work across the great expanses of the West, but it would work just fine from Chicago eastward and along the West Coast. Imagine getting from Boston to Washington in 3 1/2 hours without the hassle of airport transportation, TSA bullshit, etc., etc. and simultaneously reducing airport congestion. Sounds worthwhile to me.
They missed a statistic (Score:5, Insightful)
One major thing that Ike failed to bring over from the German system: driver's education.
The U.S. education, licensing and renewal of drivers is a joke. Personally, I don't want anyone who didn't make 95% on their test on the road, but here we have most of the drivers who made 70% and it shows, every day. To further agitate the issue, law enforcement and insurance companies have too much forgiveness: four tickets/year allowed (in TX), defensive driving courses (what a joke).
I wouldn't drive to work every day if I had an alternative. Personally, I'd rather go back to horses.
Re:Ike had a dick-size war with the Soviets, and w (Score:5, Insightful)
Because anyone with huevos enough to buck the status quo or speak unpopular truths gets the Rove treatment.
So we'll be getting agreeable dunces from now on.
Dunces with strings to make them dance.
Too Bad.... (Score:5, Insightful)
Re:What happens when roads are obsolete? (Score:4, Insightful)
Getting off track a bit.. I think it's outrageous that we're spending billions to make bigger and bigger roads. The highway system isn't scalable to the point we need it to be. They just finished expanding the highway I commute on from 2 lanes to 3 (in each direction). It helped, but it's going to draw more people to live in those communities now when they wouldn't have considered living there before because of the traffic. So then what? Four lanes? Five? Underground tunnels?
What we need is effective mass transport, at least in populated areas of the US like eastern MA. I don't want to be stuck on the highway everyday but there is no real alternative. I'd rather take rail if it were available, at least I could read or use a laptop or do something partially productive. That would also cut down on our dependency on oil, road rage, traffic fatalities, stress, insurance premiums, so on and so forth. Use the land the highways take up and build a decent rail system.
Too bad (Score:4, Insightful)
Too bad he didn't notice their train system while he was over there too. Our lack of a national public transportation system is wasteful and embarassing.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:3, Insightful)
Current train system != Possible train system
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:5, Insightful)
I have never felt more free than when I hopped on a Shinkansen with little more than 30 minutes' notice, and traveled all the way across Japan in less than four hours -- all while reading a book.
I have never felt less free than when paying for an auto loan, auto insurance, registration, maintenance and gasoline, just to make life in my home city possible.
Latent taxation, poor public transportation and a national dependence on black goop sucked from beneath some of the most US-hostile countries on earth: you have a funny definition of freedom.
Re:Government vs. Private (Score:2, Insightful)
I think it's more an extreme case of risk aversion and myopic planning than complacency.
There is no way a public company would invest enough time to pull off something like this, and, as you mentioned, private companies don't have enough money to do it.
Governments (at least here in the States) won't do anything like this, anymore for the same reasons public companies won't do it. They think need results now or their voters (~stockholders) won't vote for them and they'll lose all that precious power they hold so dear.
Big projects don't get done because MBAs are running the world.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:5, Insightful)
What's this obsession with using screwdrivers to bang nails in?
Your example of a camping trip is possibly the absolute worst thing that a mass-transit system would be good for. Nobody in their right mind would suggest building a railway simply to take three people out into the wilderness. That's the kind of thing that cars are ideally suited for.
Conversely, commuter traffic, or bulk transport, are the absolute worst thing that personal transport systems are good for. You're using a separate vehicle, each with its own engine, for each person? When most of them are travelling the same route at the same time? That's just silly.
What's appropriate is to use a rail system for commuting from suburbia to the city centre twice daily, or to carry a million tonnes of coal from Texas to New York City (or whereever). And you use the car when you want to go camping.
The first step when decided what the right tool is for a particular job is to be aware that more than one tool exists!
Re:Bridges galore? (Score:3, Insightful)
Perhaps the second number is referring to all the bridges that are on the designated, numbered highways (i.e., the ones commonly called "Highway" or "Route": Rt. 1, Rt. 66, etc.), even when they're not Interstates.
Alternately, the number might just be incorrect.
Tank movers (Score:5, Insightful)
True, but the military aspect played a huge part in the funding for the interstate highway system. The interstates provide a tried-and-true platform for moving tanks and other heavy war material a very long distance, with minimal fuel and minimum time. A column of tanks can move across the whole of our nation in about three days time. That's significant when you consider an enemy force not wanting 2,000 M1s staring at them.
Re:Too bad (Score:2, Insightful)
You're way off base... (Score:5, Insightful)
The only thing the Autobahn has going for it are the occasional unlimited speed sections, most of which seemed absent on my drives from Stuttgart->Nurburg and Stuttgart->Munich - there were speed limits on most of the distance (either 120 km/h or 140 km/h)
Incidentally, posted speed limits notwithstanding,average car traffic speed on Interstates in the Midwest is between 120-140 km/h.
So what has the US system got on the Autobahn?
1) Interstates are numbered odd numbers North/South and even numbers East/West. Main routes have 2 digits, and connectors and bypasses have 3 digits, where the last two digits are the ID of the MSR that it connects to. This makes it very easy to tell (in most cases) which Interstate you need to be on, even if you don't know local geography that well. If you are West of Detroit, and you want to go to Toledo (south of Detroit) and you are on I-96 approaching the the I-275 interchange, you can tell that:
a) you are travelling E/W
b) 275 runs N/S
c) 275 links up with 75, also N/S
d) So taking 275 to 75 is moving you in the right direction.
2) There is only one allowed intersection between any two Interstates. The intersection of I-69 and I-94 is unique. That is NOT the case with Autobahns, which can loop back on each other and cross in multiple places. This very nearly got me lost on the way to Stuttgart from the Nurburgring, and the only reason I caught it was that the sun was in the wrong place after the interchange....
3) On/off ramps onto Interstates are labelled with the name of the nearest major city AND the direction of travel - so you might see "I-70 West - Topeka" and "I-70 East - Kansas City". Autobahns are labelled with the name of SOME city in that direction, but I never discovered the pattern; and with the city density in Germany, trying to find the city on the map (in one of two directions) while rapidly approching the exit, without the aid of a dedicated navigatrix, can be daunting.
4) Exits are numbered with the current mile marker value, and the mile marker value itself is the distance along the Interstate within that state. Working out time, distance, and fuel problems in your head become VERY simple. If I am at mile marker 20, and I need to take exit 140, and I am travelling at 60 MPH, then I have 2 hours of travel before my exit. Note that this wasn't always true - Florida and Georgia held out on sequential exit numbering for a long time - but as far as I know, everything is mile marked now.
5) I refute the claim to "highway hypnosis" being a problem; having done multiple all-night driving stints trying to make it to events on time, the general straightness of the Interstate makes the road network safer (especially in bad weather) gives you much better sightlines, and saves fuel, especially with big rigs. The few exceptions to this rule can really stand your hair on end imagine coming around a corner at 70 MPH with 14,000 lbs of car hauler to find that traffic has stopped dead... yikes!
Seriously, the US Interstate system is a wonder of design and is transportation networking done nearly perfectly. It takes almost all the best features of the Autobahn and then improves on them.
DG
So, trees were not harmed? (Score:4, Insightful)
What do they mean "would"? If that's the amount of wood used, then 500 square miles of forest was most definitely consumed, no?
-dZ.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:4, Insightful)
People in sensible countries just take a walk down the street to a local shop, or at most, hop on a bus or train to the city centre, market, or supermarket for a couple of bags of food.
Buying fresh produce is a delight. Fresh fruit, vegetables, meat from a butcher counter, warm freshly baked bread. You just can't expect to buy that in bulk weekly/fortnightly.
Besides, you can have a car too, or take a taxi, if you have a big family or genuinely need to stock up for some big meals.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:1, Insightful)
Here in metro New York City we actually have the kind of development that results from accessible, fast public transportation -- small shops that don't have to carry 24-packs of paper towels. If Robert Moses hadn't had his way with Long Island, mass transit links would have extended all the way out at a fraction of the cost of the constantly jammed expressways and parkways, and they would enjoy the same benefits, not to mention getting into manhattan with a fraction of the stress.
Of course, suburban types (I should know, I grew up in Albuquerque, NM, sprawl at it's finest) pretend to like driving everywhere, big box stores, and the like. Having experienced both, I can say confidently a foot-traffic-based lifestyle is infinitely superior. It's far healthier, for one -- believe it or not, walking is better for you than driving. Go figure.
Bad Streets...and why no US Autobahn? (Score:3, Insightful)
You think that's bad....try the streets in and around New Orleans pre-K!! It has often been commented that they don't need to post speed signs...the whole city is one big speedbump!!
Digressing a little...but, the original article mentioned Eisenhower being moved to create hwy's here by the Autobahn.
Too bad they didn't set out to BUILD our interstate system with the same engineering and materials, to allow us to go at speeds (unlimited in places) safely on all our hwys like they can in Germany.
Re:Ike made a mistake... (Score:3, Insightful)
When we went to Berlin (via car - we toured Germany via car and I also had a quick stop to drive 6 laps of the Nordschleife) we just parked at the most distant P&R we could fine. Touring any large German city via car is simply pointless. The U-bahn system in berlin was very poor compared to Munich, but then, they're still re-assembling things in light of the 1989 re-unification.. and their system is much older and has more legacy-inspired problems afaict.
Now, given that Germany has excellent mass transit in dense cities... but also the most excellent highway system on the planet.. doesn't it seem like good public transit in beautiful dense cities and excellent highway systems are not mutually exclusive? Fwiw, Germany also has the ICE rail system which is frankly faster than any car you can rent easily.
Now, onto the US.
Eisenhower's goal was military, with the civilian benefits being just that - benefits. Next time you're scooting along the interstate in rural america.. going 70-80mph, imagine trying to go even 1/3rd that speed on the ground even 10feet away from the edge of the road.. it doesn't matter what kind of vehicle we're talking about; moving over unimproved ground at any kind of speed is near impossible, and certainly hard on equipment and people.
Christopher Alexander points out many of the shortcomings you do w.r.t. our car-focused society. My wife and I live "downtown" and we have to drive out to the subburbs/strip malls to buy groceries (although last evening we bicycled). It was after our Germany trip that we realized how good it feels to walk places instead of just hopping in the car. But you (and Alexander) point out many of the defects in American city/road planning that cause them to be car-optimized and pedestrian antagonistic.
It's hard to say that Ike made a "mistake". It's not a forgone conclusion that the US would have developed identically to europe even without our interstate system. And it's also not a forgone conclusion that the US would not have suffered some of the same ills without an interstate system. For instance, though the smog in LA is bad, isn't the air in London pretty bad also? And don't they have a pretty extensive underground rail system? Presumably, fewer Londoners depend on personal automobiles for daily commuting yet the air is still (reputedly) poor.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:1, Insightful)
You get through that much fresh food in a day or two? Or do you eat pure chemicals? Anyway, you can just have it delivered in a refrigerated van (which is serving many houses on the one route, so is reasonably efficient). Is your car refrigerated? :-)
Re:Errr, hold on. Say what? (Score:5, Insightful)
The sad part is when you look at it the other way: The American auto industry would only survive six months on all the steel in all the Interstate highways in the entire United States. Do we really need that many cars?
Re:Too bad (Score:2, Insightful)
Re:Government vs. Private (Score:4, Insightful)
2. How many people can't handle light traffic on a Sunday, or for no reas run off the road into a telephone pole? How would these people do flying?
3. How many impatient assholes are out there that cut you off in traffic so they can get to the red light ahead 5 seconds faster? What would these guys do while waiting in a holding pattern to land, or waiting to take off?
That right there is why flight as the preferred private travel means would never work. Oh and how many people have the room on their property for a runway?
Re:Government vs. Private (Score:2, Insightful)
So, yeah, billions of consumers making informed choices sounds like a nice idea, until you then apply that notion to the rest of your post, which is that they might instead choose to fly planes for instead of drive cars for some sort of regular transportation? Of all the reams of nutty stuff you write here, I think this one probably takes the cake.
First, planes are dangerous! Their "running out of fuel" mode is substantially more dangerous than that of cars - falling out of the sky vs coasting to a halt?? Second, the basic operation of a motor vehicle by a billion consumers is pretty approachable, while that of a plane is somewhat less so. Third, roads get use by more than just cars, by things that have no air-travel analogue; weekend cycling trips, etc.
Blah blah blah
Re:They missed a statistic (Score:3, Insightful)
In the US, drivers tests and licensing is about ensuring you know how to handle interacting with other drivers.
The real difference as compared to most countries is that most countries focus on how to control a vehicle, not how to park and use your turn signals.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:2, Insightful)
Ehhh... not really. The idea Americans choose to be unhealthy is a bit untrue. We don't have that much of a fair or equal choice considering that our culture herds us towards unhealthy lifestyles. Why for example are so many suburban people so fat? Do they choose to be?
Not in the context of driving vs. trains anyways. We like to pretend we have more freedom in our car culture, but in reality we have less. They do have cars in Japan afterall, they make the best cars in the world. Their highways are better than ours too.
What they have that we don't have are bullet trains and a very good rapid transist system. They *chose* that.
Re:Bad Streets...and why no US Autobahn? (Score:5, Insightful)
You would think with us being the country that depends on cars more than anyone else we would have at least gotten this right
Re:Ike made a mistake... (Score:4, Insightful)
That's a *benefit*?! Yes, driving is fun. As I said before, *having* to drive sucks royally for a variety of reasons.
5. American teens can break out of their shell when they turn 16.
Even if they weren't able to drive, they'd still break out of their shells. If fewer people drove, more people would live in denser conditions, where it's possible to walk or bicycle to places worth going to. Being able to drive is a sign of coming of age. It does not in itself make you come of age...
-b.
Re:What went wrong? (Score:3, Insightful)
So what the fuck happened?
Barry Goldwater. Republican politics hasn't been the same since. Barry's was Reagan's biggest influence... Reagan is Bush's.
Barry Goldwater's 1964 campaign was a tidal shift for the GOP and Nixon's "southern strategy" in 1968 (which caused the racist dixie-crats to switch parties and join the GOP) completed the transformation from a moderate political party to a conservative, bastion-for-racists, anti-government, destroyer-of-the-American-ideal party.
Re:No, no it wasn't (Score:4, Insightful)
"People in sensible countries just take a walk down the street to a local shop, or at most, hop on a bus or train to the city centre, market, or supermarket for a couple of bags of food."
That is NOT a poor choice of words, that is directly saying "I am better than you" and I am sick of it. Non-American's love to say how American's always act like they are better than non-American's yet they love to do the same exact thing, how is that right?
"You people have bread that lasts more than a few days... that's just not right. Most of the stuff in the shops in the US is atrocious "long life" processed rubbish."
That was another line that just spews "I am better than you". We have A LOT more people to feed over here and we do have local bakeries available for people who prefer freshly baked bread but with the amount of mouths we have to feed I think having bread that doesn't spoil quickly (and other foods too) is better since less will be wasted. Of course, having a diet that consists ONLY of processed food is a bad idea but just having it available is not "atrocious", we have plenty of fresh foods available as well.
"And if a beating is Chicago's response to criticism of American food-shopping habits, it doesn't exactly project the image of a sensible country."
No that doesn't project the image of a sensible country and I was going overboard since I was pissed off, but what do people do when you continually pick on them? They retaliate, and sometimes harshly. It might not seem like a big deal this one time but thats just it, it wasn't this one time, it is over and over and over again.
In closing I want Europeans to stop bringing up the above things I mentioned since it is tired, old, and for the most part baseless when put into perspective of the real situation over here in America.