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Submission + - New Gens of bots that tough out injuries (eurekalert.org)

Taco Cowboy writes: Most of the bots that we have right now stop working properly they suffer damages, — The Yutu lunar explorer of China is a perfect example: It stopped functioning when problems developed in the mechanisms which deploy its solar panel

Researchers from the University of Wyoming, in collaboration with their colleagues from Pierre and Marie Curie University of France, have developed bots which can figure out how to continue to function within minutes, despite suffering injuries

The researchers got their inspiration from the amazing ability of animals to adapt to injury, There are many three-legged dogs that can catch Frisbees, for example, and if your ankle is sprained, you quickly figure out a way to walk despite the injury

"When injured, animals do not start learning from scratch," senior author Jean-Baptiste Mouret said. "Instead, they have intuitions about different ways to behave. These intuitions allow them to intelligently select a few, different behaviors to try out and, after these tests, they choose one that works in spite of the injury. We made robots that can do the same"

The breakthrough isn't based solely on the robots themselves — we've had robots capable of advanced movement for some time. What's key is a new algorithim that lets the robot figure out different gaits and motions much faster. Normally when a particular approach stops being effective, the robot tests various ways of moving until it finds one works

"If the robot has to search through the space of all possible behaviors," Clune said. "It’s going to be larger than the number of molecules on planet earth, it’s like finding one of a few needles in a field of haystacks"

The process can take hours, so Clune and his team found a more effective method: Giving the robot a simulated "childhood"

Before it is deployed, the robot uses a computer simulation of itself to create a detailed map of the space of high-performing behaviors. This map represents the robot's "intuitions" about different behaviors it can perform and their predicted value. If the robot is damaged, it uses these intuitions to guide a learning algorithm that conducts experiments to rapidly discover a compensatory behavior that works despite the damage. The new algorithm is called "Intelligent Trial and Error"

The scientists' robot has solved this by trying to mimic animals — by discovering which leg is broken and then then using trial and error to figure out the best way to continue walking

"Locomotion is a major challenge," Dr Iida said. "It's an issue of energy efficiency. Robots are unusually very inefficient compared to animals"

The bots from University of Wyoming is not the first one to mimic animals, as there are bots from other companies are also trying to mimic animals, such as Boston Dynamics, which is now owned by Google

It makes a variety of robots, including the internet sensation Big Dog, which can attain locomotion on a variety of different and difficult terrains

"Each behavior it tries is like an experiment and, if one behavior doesn't work, the robot is smart enough to rule out that entire type of behavior and try a new type," Cully continues. "For example, if walking, mostly on its hind legs, does not work well, it will next try walking mostly on its front legs. What's surprising is how quickly it can learn a new way to walk. It's amazing to watch a robot go from crippled and flailing around to efficiently limping away in about two minutes"

The same Intelligent Trial and Error algorithm allows robots to adapt to unforeseen situations, including adapting to new environments and inventing new behaviors. Jeff Clune explains that "technically, Intelligent Trial and Error involves two steps:
(1) creating the behavior-performance map, and
(2) adapting to an unforeseen situation"

The map in the first step is created with a new type of evolutionary algorithm called MAP-Elites. Evolutionary algorithms simulate Darwinian evolution by hosting "survival of the fittest" competitions in computer simulations to evolve artificially intelligent robots. The adaptation in the second step involves a "Bayesian optimization" algorithm that takes advantage of the prior knowledge provided by the map to efficiently search for a behavior that works despite the damage

"We performed experiments that show that the most important component of Intelligent Trial and Error is creating and harnessing the prior knowledge contained in the map," Clune says

This new technique will help develop more robust, effective, autonomous robots. Danesh Tarapore provides some examples

"It could enable the creation of robots that can help rescuers without requiring their continuous attention," he says. "It also makes easier the creation of personal robotic assistants that can continue to be helpful even when a part is broken"

While these engineers are focused on self-learning robots, others are developing robots and materials that can "heal themselves" when they are damaged

BAE Systems said recently that in the future, it could build drones that contained a lightweight fluid that would allow jets to heal themselves from damage sustained in flight, as well as on-board 3D printers that can make new parts, while a new plastic that can fix itself has been developed by engineers at the University of Illinois

Additional reports from
http://www.bbc.com/news/techno...
http://www.sciencedaily.com/re...
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sci...
http://www.escapistmagazine.co...
http://cacm.acm.org/news/17732...
http://www.washingtonpost.com/...

A Youtube clip on the bots is available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?...


Comment Yes you can mess up salary negotiations (Score 1) 583

I've never heard of this happening (to programmers).

I hire people all the time and I've had to say no to great candidates who wanted more money than we could pay. I've also turned away applicants who thought they were worth more than they were. Most companies have a budget and they aren't going to exceed it. They know what local market rates are (unless they are idiots) and are unlikely to pay you more than that. If you live where I do you probably aren't going to get a six figure salary as a programmer but the cost of living is a LOT lower than in Silicon Valley so the net result is often better.

I've messed up negotiations pretty bad, too (by telling them that I was going to give my current company a chance to counter-offer....it ended with the hiring manager yelling at me for a while), but they'll still come back.

That is VERY unusual. Most employment negotiations do not go anything like that. I'm not a programmer but I do have two masters degrees, an accounting certification, and a lot of experience as an engineer and I've had times when it has been REALLY hard to find work better than flipping burgers. If you are luck enough that getting work hasn't been a problem, congratulations. Unfortunately that doesn't describe most of the working population.

Comment Luck does matter (Score 4, Insightful) 583

Luck has nothing to do with it. If you don't have savings, it's because you fucked up by spending too much of your income.

Spoken like someone who has never been in a big financial or social hole or had a severe medical condition. Sometimes hard work and talent and making good decisions isn't enough. If you grow up in a depressed area with a poor family there is a non-trivial chance that opportunities are going to be hard to come by. Sometimes people have severe medical conditions that put them in a financial hole or make it difficult to work. Get sick and you might find yourself in a deep financial hole through no fault of your own. Sometimes you find yourself in a bad situation because someone ripped you off.

It's easy to say luck has nothing to do with it but that simply isn't true. It is a LOT easier to get opportunities if you are in a good financial position to start with. It's a lot easier to make money when you already have money. That isn't to say you can't make it if you don't have a silver spoon but it is a lot harder and that is a matter of luck. Being healthy is largely a matter of luck. My mother suffers from ALS and cannot work and that is NOT her fault. Your romantic notion that all that matter is hard work and fiscal discipline is a nice story but a false one.

Comment Re:RAND PAUL REVOLUTION (Score 1) 500

The people collectively? Yes

Adelson owns among many things casinos, hotels, an Israeli newspaper.

So, what you're trying to say is that Sheldon Adelson is representative of people from other countries. Then we agree.

Those casinos, newspapers, investment management companies, etc. get money by selling things to customers, and not just other elite rich people customers.

So, what you're saying is, we have a "representative democracy" but it represents the people of a different country?

Comment Grounds for termination (Score 1) 583

While you should comply with company policies, you can always archive the emails in a variety of formats.

Doing this may invite the wrath of the company legal department if discovered. This creates a VERY real source of potential legal problems for a company should they get sued. In most companies this would be grounds for immediate termination with cause if the actions taken conflicted with their email retention policies.

Comment Re:Permission vs Forgiveness (Score 2) 583

Actually, no.

I've learned one thing: Never ever touch the hot topic everyone else seems to avoid. Not even with a ten foot pole. There are exactly three things that can happen. Either it resolves itself. This is the norm and gets you off the hook. Or someone else is stupid enough and tackles it, gets burned and loses his job. That's fine as well. Or it blows up and the blame is shared within the department. That's ok as well since nobody gets fired for it.

Since promotion happens today by tenure and not by merit, what you do is less important than what you don't do.

Comment Taking a risk (Score 4, Insightful) 583

The obvious response to which is, "Sure, but in exchange, I'll need copies of the pay stubs for those working for you in comparable positions."

To which the company will likely say "thank you for your time and we'll show you to the door".

To be clear, I agree with you but being right carries a non-trivial risk of not getting the job. That may or may not be a good thing.

Comment Negotiating when desperate (Score 4, Insightful) 583

Most people are terrible at salary negotiation. Based on various studies with some degree of variance, overall they suggest about 55% of men do not negotiate their wages, and about 70% of women do not negotiate their wages. That is NO NEGOTIATION AT ALL.

Bear in mind that a lot of people are pretty desperate to get a paycheck. You can pretty easily take yourself out of the running for a lot of jobs by trying to negotiate salary (or by doing so clumsily) particularly when there are multiple qualified candidates for the job. Not saying that more folks shouldn't negotiate their salary but many times they are not negotiating from a position of strength. It's one thing if you have a nice pad of savings and can afford to say no to an offer. Not everyone is so lucky. I've been in both circumstances myself at different times so I understand how hard it can be to negotiate when not getting the job at all is a worse outcome than getting paid a sub-optimal amount.

That said I agree completely with what you said. Negotiation is a very valuable life skill. The sooner you get good at it the better.

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