I'm quite familiar with the 10th Amendment.
It is at this point that I point out that you have not read the order.
Do you know how I know you didn't read the order? Because nothing in it contravenes the 10th Amendment.
Any time someone challenges you after you've done nothing but read a headline, the first thing you should do is actually try to learn about the topic you're diving into an argument on.
The order does not take any power from the States. It doesn't even assign any kind of new power to the Executive. Congress won't even need to sign off on this.
What the order does, is orders the Federal Government to vigorously look for problems in any State AI laws, and sue the States wherever problems in those laws are found.
It then further directs agencies to withhold money from the States until they are in compliance with the ordered "AI Policy".
The entire thing is some mob boss shit, but if you question its legality, all you need to do is look at what he's been doing to Universities. It's the same tactic.
If you can't order them to do what you want, take away your money until they make the decision for themselves.