I don't know about the non-us phone market but based on slashdot comments it seems like non-carrier locked, not carrier financed phones are maybe more common than here. Certainly in the US that option is only for eccentrics.
Klarna though seems no less but also not inherently more predatory to me than the very worst of the ultra high interest, tiny limit credit card issuers (Credit One, PREMIER, and similar).
I don't know what to tell someone though who can't afford a phone or PC. I would have said in say 2015, get a used one they are dirt cheap and that 2010 PC will do everything you need to do. However the manufactures have sought to pretty much destroy the used market because lets be honest without really imaginary system 'requirements' a 2014 PC runs Windows 11 just fine... except that you are one upgrade or patch away from something breaking your unsupported platform, and if you are having trouble budgeting for a PC, you can't afford sudden emergencies like that.
Same situation applies to phones, the things one might truly *need* vs want, like banking and finance apps tend to follow N-2 platform support, and so that older phone while realistically perfectly adequate is a door stop because Apple does not want to give you at least ios-18 for it.
It sucks but a PC, Phone or both are one of those things you almost need to succeed, but like cars industry and politics alike seem to be conspiring to make sure there are no 'affordable options' like a robust used market that is the least bit accessible.