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Comment Re:Shine On, Football Brain (Score 1) 35

Basically, the regulatory mechanism is: NO is "the brakes" on the mitochondria, and it's also a vasodilator. More NO in a tissue is a signal that it needs more oxygen, and it "opens the floodgates". The problem is that the rate of reaction in the mitochondria is proportional to the local oxygen concentration, so the cells nearest the supply will tend to disproportionately consume it. So the electron transport chain in these cells are simultaneously "braked" by the NO to limit how fast they can consume oxygen.

But the NO-CcO balance can get into a pathogenic state of excess NO (nitrosative stress), where the electron transport chain basically grinds to a halt, leading to high amounts of electron leakage and the formation of lots of superoxide. This combines with free NO to make peroxynitrite, which does irreversible damage to the mitochondria and will eventually kill them (this can cause a vicious cycle, because as the cells struggle to get enough ATP, they wrongly interpret it as hypoxia (pseudohypoxia) and trigger the release of more NO to bring in more oxygen. Even worse, as the failing mitochondria undergo apoptosis or necrosis, mtDNA leaks out, which the cell wrongly interprets as a bacterium, triggering the release of pro-inflammatory regulators, which trigger the release of... wait for it... lots more NO.

Nitrosative stress has been traced as a pathogenic mechanism in a lot of diseases, everything from diabetes to parkinson's to athlerosclerosis to ALS to asthma to cancers to IBS and on and on. So any new mechanism to help clear nitrosative stress, even if just temporarily, could help with symptom relief from a really broad range of conditions.

Comment How it works (Score 1) 35

But how does that work?

Red light is thought to activate a regeneration mechanism within the body.

It interacts with some of the compounds in mitochondria that promotes healing and cellular recovery. It also has a biphasic effect: too little does nothing, too much does nothing, but the right amount can have therapeutic value.

Comment Re: Misanthropomorphizing (Score 1) 99

"Humans have an impulse for action and AIs don't" is your response to an article about an AI grinding its gears, ala "NEW REALIZATION -- I'm burning a lot of time on hCaptcha round-trips .... so the answer payload shape is right, the token+image pairing is right (from the same script.js!), cookies are right (requests) and STILL 'wrong answer'. SO WHAT THE HELL IS WRONG WITH THE ANSWERS?" "?

I'd argue if anything, it's humans whose drive for action is weak.

Comment Re:Shine On, Football Brain (Score 1) 35

Also, it's perfectly possible that the red light from being outdoors in the sun is also good for you - but that also comes with other frequencies, including harmful ionizing UV light, which "ages" the skin and risks skin cancer (though the increased vitamin D from ~290-300nm is an offsetting factor).

Comment Re:Shine On, Football Brain (Score 5, Interesting) 35

Red light therapy is one of those things that sounds like total woo hokum when you first hear about it, but that studies keep showing benefits to.

Key thing to remember is that these studies are using very high doses of red light - often limited by the amount of heating you can safely tolerate in the subject (not heat from the emitter, but from the photons themselves).

Honestly, it doesn't sound crazy at all. Different tissues have different light susceptibilities (that's how, say, laser hair removal works), due to the susceptibility of specific compounds. Red penetrates very deeply (remember the classic trick of shining a flashlight through your hand; only the red makes it through). Red light has a number of very specific interactions it causes. The main one is that it photolyzes the bond between NO and cytochrome c oxidase (triggering NO signaling, causing vasodilation). A secondary possible affect is that it affects light-gated ion channels (esp. in the TRP family).

And the amount of red light we're talking about is very high. Instantaneous fluxes are like 1000-5000 times higher than ambient indoor light in the red spectrum, and even averaged across a day it's still like an order of magnitude higher than a person who spends their day indoors. For NIR therapy, the difference is even more extreme (commercial LEDs emit essentially zero NIR). While outdoor light exposure is much higher - 15 mW/cm2 red + 20 mW/cm2 NIR, comparable to the 10-100 mW/cm2 of red light therapy - it's broad spectrum, while red light therapy is concentrated around cytochrome c oxidase peaks, so the flux around these specific peaks is ~10-50x higher with red light therapy.

Flux matters a lot because to meaningfully dissociate NO from CCO, you have to do so at faster than the rate that NO and CCO recombine. Sunlight on its own (let alone indoor ambient light) don't do that. It doesn't matter if you're spending all day in the sun vs. 15 minutes in treatment if the sun isn't hitting the threshold effect level.

Another difference, BTW, is not just "shooting it up your nostrils", it's scattering. Sun just hits your skin and much of it is lost through scattering and absorption in blood, esp. hemaglobin. Red light therapy targeting deep structures is delivered by a contact probe that compresses the skin, displacing blood. This increases penetration into deep tissues 2-5x.

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