I think Driverless cars are never going to work without buy-in from a country first to impose a standard protocol. It definitely will not be the US. It will likely be Japan, Korea, Taiwan or Singapore. Basically any small landmass country where it can be rolled out and made mandatory.
Won't work. Shouldn't try. There are fundamental security reasons why trusting data from outside the car is unsafe.
a) C2C (car to car P2P protocol) that tells all cars travelling in the same direction to drive close to each other and with enough space to all simultaneously brake.
Assuming LED tail lights (nanoseconds from dark to light), camera latency is one frame (which should ideally be 1/60th of a second, but in practice, is usually closer to 1/30th of a second) plus processing time of maybe another 1/60th of a second, for a total of < 100 ms.
Time to transmit that signal over a radio, do the public key crypto to verify that it was actually sent by a car and isn't noise, perform checksums on the packet, decode it, and figure out what to do is likely to be a decent fraction of that time, because it may require multiple retries to get the packet, you're going to have a nasty collision domain with multiple devices transmitting on the same frequency, etc. You *might* get average latency under 100 ms, but with exponential backoff, worst-case will still be well over 100 ms, realistically, given how many cars would be within the collision domain.
So you're not actually getting the information there noticeably more quickly by using a radio. What you are doing is making it possible for a malicious person to stick a radio transmitter on a bridge or light post and tell every car that passes by that the vehicle in front of them is braking.
This does not improve anything, but adds considerable risk, making it a bad idea.
And no, this is not a solvable problem. There's no way to prevent these transceivers from being in the control of the general public, because they are, by definition, in cars that are owned by the general public.
b) T2C (Traffic control to Car) that relays the current traffic lights at each stop, as well as transponders on all Stop and Yield signs near intersections in order to consider if a traffic control situation has changed at that sign, plus allowing cars to stop exactly on the stop line and not 6' into it
This one is at least theoretically feasible, as long as every device has a unique public key, and as long as stolen devices are immediately added to a revocation list that gets propagated to every car in the world.
However, unless there are zero human-driven cars (where you would gain a fraction of a second from not having to wait for the green light to light up), there's zero advantage to doing this over just using cameras and stopping at the stop line. If your car is stopping six feet into it, it is almost certainly because a human driver is incompetent. Even Tesla's nowhere-near-fully-self-driving tech doesn't make that mistake.
Mind you, when lights are out and other cars do things that are unsafe, self-driving cars may panic and phone home to ask for help, and that might occur inside the interaction, but that's not the same thing as making their initial stop six feet over the limit line. If there is a limit line visible on the street, self-driving cars stop at it, period. This isn't even hard.
Also, if the light is out, the transponder will also be out, so you'll be in the same situation that you're in now.
c) S2C (Sight to Car) This is the internal car system that relies on GPS/lidar/ultrasonic sensors that relays its coordinates and speed back to the T2C and C2C system without requiring a cellular or wireless network. Basically you can get in the lead car of a motorcade and drive the entire motorcade using one driver. Rules are setup in advance for vehicles to remain within sight and formation, or return to formation through intersections and stops.
There's no advantage to this, either. First, it's a massive security risk. You're trusting data from the lead car to tell you what to do. If it says, "Speed up to 80 MPH," the back car is going to do it even if the car in front is going 20 MPH, and you're going to have an accident. Any hardware that is in the hands of consumers fundamentally cannot be trusted to provide valid data to hardware in the hands of other consumers. Such a trust model cannot reasonably exist in the real world.
Second, you have computational ability in the cars anyway. So the only advantage would theoretically be conserving the CPU utilization required for driving the car safely, and because you cannot trust that the data coming in is valid, you cannot reasonably stop doing what is necessary to avoid causing a wreck.
Even things like obstacle detection can't be trusted until you observe the obstacle. However, you can observe the car in front of you dodging an obstacle and take similar action. But you don't need communication to do that — only cameras. And unlike what you're proposing, cameras work without the car in front of you having to have special hardware, making them a far superior vehicle-to-vehicle communication system.
Therefore, again, this is useless technology that provides zero benefit over not having it.
The only possible advantage any of this expensive complexity could have would be enabling braking for cars that lack any other driving assistance, but even that would not fully work until the last non-transmitting car dies in 30+ years. Meanwhile, putting camera-based driver assistance in the car will fully work immediately.
This is the sort of thing that only makes sense to companies that sell overpriced electronics to car companies, plus the government bureaucrats who have fallen victim to their lobbying efforts. From a trust and security perspective, inter-vehicle communication makes zero sense. It is fundamentally impossible for such technology to provide actionable data without verifying that data using cameras, and if you already have the data from the cameras, you don't need a second source for the same data, which makes it completely and utterly useless. Thus, it provides no meaningful benefit over camera-based technology, but adds significant expense to *every* car, all so that the cheapest camera-free cars can be only slightly cheaper than they would be if they put cameras and a computer in them instead. It's false economy.
So sure, if you want every car to cost an extra thousand bucks for no reason, push for these silly laws. As for me, I'd rather have technology that actually does something useful, rather than padding the pockets of vehicle OEM component manufacturers.