He was from West Virginia?

Yes, that's perfectly obvious. If you check the Oramics machine from 1958, that's basically what it was.

If you had specialists do so, I'd agree.

This is why programmers do not check every corner case, they hire QA enginers to check every corner case.

You hire generalists to see how interactions between technologies impact things.

Daphne Oram's Oramics machine turned hand-drawn squiggles that were the information-bearing portions of a spectrogram into recognisable audio. And, like I said, that was 1958. A spectrogram, as others have noted, is an image.

The only thing they could possibly be covering up is that they have vast teams of ultra-specialised uber-gurus who have no meaningful cross-domain expertise (which is understandable, you can't be an ultra-specialised uber-guru if you do) but also that they've essentially nothing else and therefore nobody who can red-flag when a skill in one domain allows a person to exploit information that is released by another.

There is nothing wrong, at all, with having ultra-specialised uber-gurus for something like the NTSB, but 100% of their errors throughout history have come from not having additional teams that are cross-domain experts who can identify when accident issues aren't domain-specific (the 737 rudder control jams from a couple of decades ago and the 737-MAX automatic flight systems are examples of issues that was almost unsolvable through lack of cross-domain expertise) or when informational issues aren't domain-specific (as in this case).

You need the specialists, but relying on them alone is a great way to blunder. and the NTSB does not like admitting it blunders, which is why you're not seeing organisational changes, merely ad-hoc communication changes.

A spectrogram is basically a description of the sound and Daphne Oram pioneered technology for turning the informational sections of a spectrogram into sound back in 1958. That would be.... 68 years ago, by my reckoning.

Now, technology has moved on a great deal in 68 years. Exactly what you could do today, relative to what she did back then, is obviously significant. But this really should not have come as a shock.

The lack of understanding of this sort of stuff shows what happens when you have too many niche specialists and too few people who understand the broad technology.

Basically, violence in the Middle East started on a significant scale with the collapse of the ecosystem. Natural climate shifts in the area reduced food available and regions that were inhabitable. This resulted in massive population migrations (the Sea People, the Babylonians, etc). As natural resources were depleted and became highly centralised, violence became worse. The collapse of the tin market resulted in Dark Ages for many cultures in the region, where societies imploded catastrophically.

As wealth increased, corruption increased. We know all about a copper merchant in Babylonian times, but it was unusual enough that he wrote a long and rambling letter in cuneiform about it. These sorts of complaints weren't common but increased. Corruption requires chaos, and chaos generates conflict. So this relationship should not be surprising. It's not that corruption causes violence, but corruption and violence have the same cause and are tightly coupled.

And if that works, then I think the days of pi being irrational will soon be over.

Yep. Whenever I heard a "that's not X, that's Y", a "here's the surprising thing", a "here's what no one's talking about", a "it isn't about P, it isn't about Q, it isn't even about R, it's about S", and similar sloppisms, I immediately stop watching/listening/reading, downvote, block, and try to forget the broken timeline we all ended up in.

The silver lining is that there's a tiny but growing movement among young people, late Gen Z and early Alpha mostly, who are so tired of all the BS they're actively going offline and analog, which makes sense, after all, all the adults are online, and kids always want to do the opposite of whatever boring adults are doing. I hope something worthwhile comes from that impulse.

1. You don't get speeds up to 2.5 Gps easily over several hundred miles without relay stations.
2. To intercept a laser signal, you have to be right in the beam. The same applies for jamming. Cloud cover is a problem for visible light, but not for infrared light.

The violence in the Middle East dates back to the early Bronze Age. The Shah was violent and assassinated political rivals. In the 1940s, half of the Middle East sided with the Nazis.

The violence did not start in the 1970s, it didn't even start with Islam. It predates all of that.

Blaming individual X or modern event Y is to ignore the violence and open warfare leading up to those.

Only an idiot fixates purely on Iran. One genocidal Syrian despot has been replaced with another genocidal Syrian despot. IS is back on the rise. Egypt is a military dictatorship. Libya went from military dictatorship to perpetual civil war. The Arab Spring was ultimately crushed not because of a hatred of freedom but because the entire region is riddled with corruption.

Iran is a minor side show.

In America, laws are made by paying the politicians under the table. That's common knowledge. It's how the DMCA got passed, for example. But it's also made by having financially valuable information information, particularly that which permits politicians to have insider information that they can sell for votes/influence or use to make a killing on the stock market.

(You notice anything odd about oil price fluctuations recently?)

Musk had access to money, some of the largest databases the USG had, and the ability to fire civil servants who might have been inconvenient to Congress.

He was in government for how many years? If he wanted the statute of limitations altered, then surely that would have been the time to do it.

It would seem to me that he didn't care about the statute of limitations until AFTER other people started getting rich and he didn't.