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Biotech

Observing Evolution Over 40,000 Generations 461

Last year we discussed the work of Richard Lenski, who has been breeding E. coli for 21 years in a laboratory in Michigan. Then, the news was that Lenski's lab had caught direct, reproducible evidence of a genetic mutation with functional consequences for an organism. Now Lenski's lab has published in Nature a major study comparing adaptive and random genetic changes in 40,000 generations of E. coli (abstract here). "Early changes in the bacteria appeared to be largely adaptive, helping them be more successful in their environment. 'The genome was evolving along at a surprisingly constant rate, even as the adaptation of the bacteria slowed down,' [Lenski] noted. 'But then suddenly the mutation rate jumped way up, and a new dynamic relationship was established.' By generation 20,000, for example, the group found that some 45 genetic mutations had occurred, but 6,000 generations later a genetic mutation in the metabolism arose and sparked a rapid increase in the number of mutations so that by generation 40,000, some 653 mutations had occurred. Unlike the earlier changes, many of these later mutations appeared to be more random and neutral. The long-awaited findings show that calculating rates and types of evolutionary change may be even more difficult to do without a rich data set."
Medicine

Submission + - Nationwide Shortage in Supply of Swine Flu Vaccine

Hugh Pickens writes: "The NY Times reports that as the number of swine flu cases grows to levels unprecedented for this time of year, health officials predict a shortfall in the supply of swine flu vaccine. Forty-three children have died from swine flu since August 30 — about the same number that usually die in an entire flu season.“These are very sobering statistics,” says Dr. Anne Schuchat, the director of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, “and unfortunately they are likely to increase.” Projections of the supply of swine flu vaccine have widely varied. During the summer, health officials said 120 million doses would be ready in October but later dropped the estimate to 40 million doses. Now officials expect only 28 million to 30 million doses, adding that the exact number is impossible to predict and could change daily as vaccine manufacturers report that production was behind schedule. “Vaccine production for influenza is pretty complex,” says Schuchat explaining the delay, “and the complex process this year is taking a bit longer than we had hoped." Schuchat warned parents with sick children to be alert for signs that medical attention is required including not eating well, difficulties breathing, and turning blue or gray. A particularly important sign is when children start to get better, then have a relapse, usually a sign that pneumonia is developing, and immediate treatment should be sought."

Comment Re:Highlights from my HS SciFi class (Score 1) 1021

I read those in regular English classes in middle school (grade 7 or 8 as I recall) - they are science fiction, certainly, but are so well known that at least some students will have read them already. Considering this is a science fiction specific course, some more interesting choices should be in order.

I don't mean to imply that Fahrenheit 451 and Flowers for Algernon aren't good works or that they're uninteresting, but in the context of a high school science-fiction-specific class, seeing selections like this on the syllabus (even if I hadn't already read them) would have made me, as a student, groan to myself. That's partially just me, of course - I'm not afraid to admit that I have an aversion to things that are really popular ;)

However, beyond that, these kinds of books have been beaten to death in schools and in popular culture. They've lost some of their impact. I think students should still read them, but I wouldn't choose them as required reading for a class when there are so many other directions you could go.

Comment Re:open source ... or not (Score 1) 300

I have a WRT54GL (effectively a WRT54Gv4) with DD-WRT, and when I was using it, it would often freeze. Usually when I was running a P2P client.

I found this: http://www.dd-wrt.com/wiki/index.php/Router_Slowdown I'll probably try that stuff next time I set it up. And Tomato. And OpenWRT. DD-WRT has lots of unexplained errors. I've heard good things about Tomato, and I value stability and functionality over freedom (they usually come packaged, I rarely have to choose).

Another possible reason for a router to freeze is overheating.

I think the best solution is to build our own. I think regular routers are just not powerful enough to route regular traffic adequately. I bought a regular router figuring it would be higher quality and simpler to use than my Debian-based home made router, but I was wrong. The only advantage to a regular router is that it takes less electricity, but it gets less done too. I suppose it takes up less space, and is easier to move too. And it looks prettier.

Comment Re:Did Tokyo lose because of this as well? (Score 1) 1040

As a visitor entering Japan, you are subject to being fingerprinted and having your picture taken at border control as well as a bunch of harassing questions such as, "Where are you staying and who are you staying with?"(I always make up a fake address). I don't know how much different it is compared to the US, but if they rejected Chicago because of these restrictions, they probably rejected Tokyo for a lot of the same reasons.

I live in Japan from last 5 years and I disagree with you. They do ask some questions but the way they ask is so polite and humane that you would be "willing" to give them more information that they are asking for. They also have concerns about their security. This not like some rude US officer is harassing you. Most probably, you will encounter a cute Japanese lady there giving you an unforgettable smile you might ever have encountered. The attitude of the officers as well as the local people are very very polite and honest.

Comment Re:try it! (Score 5, Interesting) 135

I feel safe in speculating that if *you* will not pony up the emails to a US judge, the people who maintain the server farm *here in the US* will.

They can't - they have no access to the emails, because they can't login to the machines and they can't access the encryption keys for the data. All maintenance of the OS/software is done from Australia.

We've had a number of US-based law enforcement bodies over the year try to get hold of our data without going via the appropriate Australian bodies, and it doesn't work out for them. In the end, they have always ended up submitting a request for cooperation via the Australian Federal Police, as they are required to do, and we respond to that request in line with Australian law.

Comment Re:dvorak (Score 1) 939

I am a devoted Dvorak keyboard user, but I have to still retain my QWERTY capacity as I don't want to be like "that guy that insisted on Dvorak". Also, as the Wall Street Journal recently pointed out, my Blackberry is QWERTY only. I put new stickers on the keys of my ergonomic keyboard, but not on my laptop keyboard. I just type Dvorak from memory on the laptop. It can be tough though with passwords.

Just in case you need it, in Windows go to Control Panel > Regional and Language Options > Languages Tab > Text services and input languages > and find US Dvorak or US English on the list of input keyboards.

Comment Re:I'm sure it didn't help. (Score 1) 1040

If you've crossed these off your list then you're really missing out

Yeah. Missing out on being treated like a criminal. Do you have any idea how many amazing places there are in the world that don't lie inside U.S. or U.K. borders? Why waste your time and gamble that their systems work right and won't pick you up on some data mismatch. Fuck it. I think I'll check out an Island paradise instead. Or something closer to home and save some money.

Comment Re:Greylisting! (Score 2, Informative) 85

> When an e-mail is rejected with a "please try again later"
> response, it makes the recipient's company look bad at an
> organizational level.

Only if the delay gets noticed.

> What's worse, senders may ignore these "try again" messages,
> or never see them at all.

Under anything vaguely resembling normal conditions, the sending user never sees the "try again" message and never knows that there's greylisting involved. The mail server takes care of all that. All the major MTAs since the beginning of time have supported queue-and-resend, because when the internet was young mail got delayed all the time due to unreliable infrastructure.

The problem with greylisting isn't that mail would ever completely fail to get through, but rather than mail from new senders would be *delayed*, at least for several minutes, possibly for several *hours*. Given the way email was originally designed to work, this should theoretically be no big deal, but in practice a lot of organizations won't tolerate that kind of delay in incoming mail.

For personal email, though, it can be an attractive option. Bear in mind, recognized whitelisted senders get through right away; only mail from unknown senders gets delayed.

Comment Re:I'm sure it didn't help. (Score 1) 1040

From a statistical point of view, the U.S.-Canada border is the safest border in the world.

Excuse me, but there are other safe places in the world than the US, so until you have something to back that up, I'll take that as just another unsubstantiated claim based on the standard US-centric worldview.

I can really agree that it is probably the safest border in the US, or maybe even in North America. But how would it compare with e.g. the Sweden-Norway border? Or any intra-EU border?

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