There is no edge, every point is at the precise center including your two eyes. Because light, gravity waves, and causality travel at a single fixed speed, the further something is the farther back in time it is until you reach a point where you cannot see beyond because it is too far back in time and approaches the Big Bang. Gravity waves from the Big Bang will be rippling through all points always just as you can look in any direction and see the microwave background which is the Big Bang but stretched out to the point it’s far cooler and of longer wavelengths.

Gravity waves are fundamentally undetectable, even in principle. If you want a nearly exact example you are probably familiar with think of two floating bits on a still lake. Perception only occurs along the surface of the water, they cannot see or measure or perceive up and down. When a ripple passes the two bits move toward and away from each other as the surface stretches and shrinks to accommodate the wave and that is the distortion that is measured not the wave itself. It boils down to the second derivative of the mass quadrupole moment tensor and it falls off linearly with distance so is not like other directly measured waves that fall off exponentially.

The universe is the same everywhere at the largest scales including being at the exact temperature despite not being casually connected if you look at how causality works on our scales, times, and energy levels. The most reasonable thing is that the universe was once all touching in close contact, even points 90 billion light years away from each other. The universe is also expanding the same everywhere on the largest scales so if you rewind time everything goes back to one point even if there isn’t a “center”. So the crazy thing is to look at all the evidence for it (many other examples of measurement also confirm this is how it looks) and say it’s all wrong because it does not meet personal expectations. That’s not how science works.

Well then, you’ll probably also miss out on the underwear running on a blockchain with a camera to verify the person is the right age and with the right gonads to be wearing it. Once the video is uploaded, it disables the high voltage circuits that will put a stop to indecency.

Forgot to add above that similar to a contained gas having increased rest mass with increased temperature if you have a 100% reflective box and put even one photon in it the box is said to have increased rest mass while if you release it from the box it is not said to have rest mass. Clearly the photon is unaltered and the difference is the box isolates it from the greater system although this is an arbitrary distinction it clarifies how the problem is framed and that’s why its convention.

Take an insanely energetic photon, well above the gamma ray cutoff, for ease of experimentation, with respect to the test mass and have it travel through space. Place a known test mass just off to the side of the path such that the interaction chance like absorbing or reflecting is nearly zero. Observe the two from a distance arbitrarily far away and start with the test mass at a relative velocity of 0. As the single photon flies past, the test mass is accelerated toward the photon and the photon path is bent slightly. Without a gravitational field associated with the photon, this is hard to explain and it’s well established photons carry a relative gravitational potential as well as the original formulation of relativity and physics in general did not distinguish between rest mass creating gravitation and light speed particles generating gravitation yet conveyed the same accuracy as today. All the formulas describing rest mass and light speed particles were about how you draw the boundary of the problem and not about any other real difference. Heat a contained gas and its internal energy and thus rest mass increases. Leave the same kinetic energy and free the gas and now it’s not the actual particle that has increased rest mass, nor are any changes relevant from its own perspective, it’s energy lies tangled with the greater system even though the same test as above would in fact measure free gas molecules as having greater gravitation.

We already have demonstrated solar sails and even proposed using a magnetic field with them as a sort of keel to get more energy from the solar wind environment. We also have some basic demonstrations on laser propelled sails. No one has actually used or tested laser sails in space as far as I know due to costs but the physics behind it is solid and well known

| was referring to self contained light sources which all are so heavy resulting in weak thrust to mass of the ship, we don't even have concepts of a plan yet. The cool thing is with a lost energy (lower output than input) fusion drive, something like 1-3% of the thrust would be from photon momentum transfer making it at least in slight part the first demonstration of a self contained photon assisted mass driver engine.

In an abstract sense photons have mass, but it is not the same as rest mass and so the convention is to call it massless. This is an important distinction not because equations can’t be made accurately and precisely but because it’s useful to break down the thinking of energy from mass to be intrinsic to the particle or intrinsic to the larger system as a whole. They have _momentum_ which they transfer by absorption or reflection causing a corresponding momentum change in the particle(s) but the mass is precisely zero for all photon energies.

The practical problem is the fact dense clouds are on the order of milligrams per cubic mile and it’s not just one isotope or element that might be collected it’s the scale of the magnetic field. In the case where the field acts as an external fusion reactor, this does not work because of all the dead mass you would try to heat but also it’s not plausible to craft a ship with that scale of magnetic field not even counting a design also isn’t so fragile the act of traveling alone will cause it to rapidly self destruct from impacts.

Even carrying antimatter as a large percentage of your ships mass (again not plausible due to magnetic fields able to completely contain it) won’t get you to even nearby stars in a reasonable number of years much less sci-fi levels of speed. Part of the reason we might not see life everywhere is interstellar travel is incredibly difficult, delays communication, and is dangerous so it takes place on extremely long timeframes while advanced life moves at breakneck speed and relies heavily on quick communication.

All rockets basically do is throw mass out the back to move forward with an equal and opposite reaction since we don’t have massless drives like using light for propellant. The problem lies in that the mass has to be loaded on and can’t be collected as it goes so the faster you can eject the mass the more force you can get from each particle and this ratio of mass to thrust is called specific impulse. A high specific impulse means you will be able to travel faster long term, and even short term if the engine also is capable of high thrust. The reason ion drives are so efficient is because the electric fields can accelerate mass to a far higher speed then chemical reactions giving them roughly 10x the specific impulse. If a Fusion Drive could be created, even if you put more energy into it than was used as thrust (powered by a fission reactor or RTG for example), the incredibly high temperatures could exceed ion drives specific impulse while the nuclear power source has an energy density that far exceeds any chemical reaction. So it’s not totally crazy to want a Fusion Drive that’s energy negative.

I hear all these complaints about too much screen time like a couple of hours a day leisure time destroys lives but never about the 6-8+ a day from work or school.

They outline and reference many parameters affecting growth but we can summarize:
3)Early in the universe a greater density and unconsolidated small galaxies, clouds, and clusters ensured a higher collision rate bringing in new material. While later in the development of the universe the consolidation under gravity meant less available mass and less perturbation effects that is helpful in bring new shipments of food.

While funny and insightful the time dilation occurs primarily above half the speed of light while gravitational pull occurs at all speeds. Natural objects only statistically reach these speeds on a significant basis within a low number of its horizon size widths which is a couple of AU while the gravitational pull is significant at over light years to tens of thousands of light years and significant for attracting and concentrating gas even if weak compared to the galactic gravitational field. Because we know black holes grow, time dilation is more of a weak plug in the drain of the bathtub of material it attracts with gravity.

Its important to note that the summary does not state a reason why we have super massive black holes extremely early in the universe, such as observations of red dots that are ultra massive stars a hundred thousand or even a million suns that direct collapse into the very large category of black holes without needing to feed at all. Despite that, the paper still applies because it does not focus on size but instead growth rate under many parameters including growth rates where the observed brightness to theoretically maximum brightness is decreasing.

These people have a binary definition, low intellect and narcissistic, and authoritarian by financial birthright approach to life. They believe they are good because they are rich and poor people are poor because they are lazy and entitled while they can’t do wrong that’s all poors are capable of. They believe no matter how hard they grift the world is immutable like no matter how much coal they roll pollution is immutable. They rarely work hard and if the even put in extra hours it’s to exploit more and make more often while hoarding more than they or they families can reasonable use in a lifetime because money money and power is all above. They believe they are of superior intelligence with no map or localization of where they are on the dunning Kruger chart simply because only they can make the right choice, the phalliclious stroking of “yes sir, that’s ingenious sir. I can’t believe I was able to bear witness to such greatness in my lifetime sir!” Of all the beggars around them atrophy what little common sense and introspection there was until an atrophied husk is all that remains and they are comically inept and evil.

It’s less bad and after all, how much worst could it get?
black mirror intensifies

Yes, that’s my attempt at duopoly humor but it’s too soon I fear.

They move to a digital QR code with all pricing removed from all locations always.