All of the salts you listed fully dissociate in water.

Nothing weird about sodium fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or sodium fluorosilicate. Sodium fluoride is a simple salt, dissociates immediately upon dissolution to Na+ and F-. Fluorosilicic acid and sodium fluorisilicate result in a fluorosilicate ion (SiF-2) which rapidly hydrolyzes to Si(OH)4 + 6F- + 4H+. Si(OH)4 (orthosilicic acid) is the form of soluble silicon which plants and diatoms consume and is perfectly normal in water in the tiny amounts from fluoridation (like 6 micromolar concentration). Ocean surface water near Antarctica for example is up to ~80 micromolar concentration. And it goes without saying that minuscule amounts of sodium in water are also perfectly normal. The addition of the fluoride ion is the only actually meaningful impact.

Dial "996" for more information.

Really annoying that lithium orotate became the standard way to deliver lithium, given that orotic acid is toxic and mutagenic :P

TL/DR, it affects the enzymes that regulate these processes.

Lithium is naturally present in the diet, but it varies by orders of magnitude depending on where you get your water and where your food was grown / grazed, with most people today on the lower end of the intake. Mineral spring waters in particular tend to be much richer in lithium than river / lake water, and also the fact that municipal water supplies' range limitations on the quantities of common minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, etc) will also tend to reduce lithium, could be argued that, on average, the average person in the past might have consumed more. But it still would be quite varied on a regional basis.

Note that drinking lithiated water used to be a popular health trend. Indeed, 7-Up was originally called 7up Lithiated Lemon Soda (though the claim of being lithiated was actually a lie in their case, and they ultimately had to remove it!).

It always strikes me as weird that people would be shocked that a substance commonly prescribed to affect the brain... affects the brain.

Beyond increasing BDNF activity (which promotes neuron survival and new growth), one of the main therapeutic targets is Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, which controls a wide range of developmental parameters for neuronal development, including discouraging regeneration and promoting apoptosis, and is pro-inflammatory (CNS inflammation is itself associated with Alzheimers). Lithium reduces its activity, both with direct and indirect inhibition. While GSK-3B is essential to a degree, overactivity of GSK-3B is associated with a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's.

Lithium also helps promote cleanup (misfolded proteins, degradation products, etc) via autophagy by reducing the activity of IMPase... at least at low doses. At high doses, it can cause the inverse effect, due to its GSK-3B and mTOR impacts. In general, though, it seems to typically be pro-autophagy.

There have been quite a few studies that do just that. Well, not "taking lithium", as in the medication, because typical psychiatric doses of lithium (hundreds of milligrams per day) are like 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than typical dietary doses. But dietary doses themselves vary by orders of magnitude (some European studies put consumption in some places in Europe as low as a couple micrograms per day, while in places in northern Chile some people consume ~10mg per day), because lithium is so widely varied from place to place. One study found for example that one Slovakian bottled water product had 10 milligrams per litre, while the mean European bottled water had less than a microgram per litre. In most places, peoples' dietary consumption is closer to the lower end than the upper end. And the studies strongly suggest that people who naturally consume the higher amounts of lithium have lower rates dementia (there's also positive, though weaker, evidence for lower rates of violent crime and suicide). In general, it seems to be neuroprotective.

It's been argued that we should probably be lithiating water, e.g. that there should be minimum and maximum standards for lithium in drinking water the same way that there are minimums and maximums for numerous other minerals, with a provisional recommended daily intake of 1mg per day based on the evidence. But given the huge backlash to fluoride in water, I can't even imagine how harsh the backlash to lithium would be, given that people associate it with being a psychiatric medication (even though that's at doses orders of magnitude higher). It's just not going to happen.

I personally take 1mg of lithium a day. Which is well within the normal dietary range (in some places in northern Chile people naturally consume ~10mg per day!). A common supplement form is lithium orotate, but it's a weird choice - it's chosen because it's covalently bonded into a molecule which is delivered into cells whole, to "make it more effective", but A) that's not how normal dietary lithium is delivered, and B) orotic acid isn't exactly healthy. Instead, I make my own (both concentrate and diluted solution). I start with lithium carbonate, and while it's not available in food grade (anywhere I've found), it's a very common compound available at high purity (>99,5%), with easy composition tests - crimson flame test, density tests (offset by a typically poor packing density), low solubility in water but high bubbling solubility in weak acids (with no precipitate), etc). Because it's poorly soluble & tastes like baking soda / mineral water, I also add citric acid to the solution, forming lithium citrate. Even if the impurities were pure lead, the amount would still be small when you're only taking 1mg a day. But actual impurities are mostly (A) water, (B) other lithium compounds (hydroxide, chloride, sulfate, etc etc), and (C) other similar mono- and divalent cations to lithium, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, plus some iron, alumium and silicon due to their ubiquity in nature and presence in processing.

For the most part they don't have save buttons, things automatically save as you edit them.

Is there a way to turn this nightmare off? No way I want what I do automatically saved until I'm sure it's where I want it. I keep multiple copies of work because they have different edits and sometimes I refer back to something I did previously.

We live in an era where âoepositivityâ messages turned into feminism supporting and representing sex work. Itâ(TM)s now acceptable to be a whore and brag about it online.

If men weren't so weak, this wouldn't be an issue, now would it? Men are the ones keeping this alive.

china doesnt let you exploit workers

Oh my God, I had to stand up and walk around after reading that to catch my breath, as I was laughing so hard.

I think the average Ukrainian having their apartment blown up by Russian weapons that are jam-packed full of US chips smuggled into Russia might have a slightly different take.

That said: on the order of my preferred implementations, "remote-operable backdoors" is the worst possible one. *Automated* failure if the product has decided that it "has been transported internationally" is better, as it can't get compromised by an adversary or abused on demand. Better still is identifying smuggling routes, and deliberately feeding them - and only them - hacked versions of your hardware.

Define "scrape".

The general definition of "scraping" involves actually, you know, storing the content, not just briefly caching it then summing it up to the user who asked to browse it.

You really don't know the difference between a crawler and a web search?

An AI agent is tasked by a user to collect info about a topic - I do this all the time. The agent then does a bunch of successive searches, each time distilling the important things relative to the user's task that may need subsequent followup, and then ultimately sums up everything they found on the topic. What doesn't happen is "Perplexity building up a database of said content". Crawlers try to visit the whole internet (minus sites that tell them not to), a single time each, to build up a copy of the internet. Crawlers != web searches.

I cannot say that Perplexity doesn't also crawl sites that tell them not to. But what I can say is that if Cloudflare is calling AI agent seaches "a web crawler", that's utter idiocy on their part.

I'd also add two things from a personal perspective.

One, just short and straightforward: I don't think it's healthy for a society to normalize viewing women as objects to be bought and sold.

Two, and more personally: back when I lived in the states, my then-spouse once met someone at the local Unitarian church who had just arrived in town who didn't have a place to stay. We talked and decided to invite her to stay in our spare room rent-free. I had however never seen a person in my life so "broken". She literally would timidly ask for permission to go to the bathroom every time, and things like that; it took us a long time to break her of the habit. As we got to know her better, it became clear that she had been groomed into sex work in Chicago since she was a teen from a troubled household, and was trying to flee that life. Months later, she ultimately admitted to us that she just automatically presumed that when we offered her the spare room, that she would be having to pay us in sex, and was then confused when we never propositioned her. The concept of charity was entirely absent from her lexicon.

She eventually got a boyfriend (quite a nice guy, as far as we could tell), moved out, etc etc but she continued to struggle with - and I'm not a psychologist, but it sure looked like what I'd call PTSD. And eventually one day we got the news from him that she had run off, and her body was later found by the police, having committed suicide.

So yeah, my take on the sex work "industry" isn't so hot. I don't think in any way it should be "normalized". But even worse is criminalizing the very people you're wanting to protect.