Words have meaning and purpose. What words would you use to express the following concepts?

  - a collection of tools which allow you to build a new component through their leverage, while not contributing significantly to the overall effectiveness of the tools (or won't particularly be used in operation)

  - a collection of functional components which you will use as part of the operation of a new component

Currently, the words are "platform" and "system". I'm happy to switch to other words if they express the concept better.

The premise of this post is factually inaccurate. You can be pardoned prior to being brought to trial. As a famous example, famously, President Ford pardoned Nixon. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W...

Additionally, you don't have to be pardoned for crimes. As an example, please read the text of the pardon (proclamation 4311).

The above is quite clearly a pardon for crimes which he "may have committed" during that time. He could have killed a million people with his bare hands, the pardon would still stand.

So let's say that my company has three lines of products on three different webpages. We decide to discontinue two of the lines of products for being unprofitable, and remove the pages. Google search results still show the pages, and archive.org still shows them to users. These products are still shown to my potential customers, who experience frustration when they attempt to get them.

Alternately, I create a temporary webpage for displaying some demo content to a potential client. It is a demo page, and ridden with bugs, holes, and other areas that need improvement. Archive.org still shows this page as part of search results? What will potential clients think of my company, given that it put up a buggy/terrible page?

Alternately, let's just say that I rename a longstanding webpage (technology.slashdot.org to tech.slashdot.org) and delete the old URL. Should archive.org redirect to false content?

Or, let's say that my restaurant decides to take down its 2013menu.html page, and doesn't wish customers to be able to compare its new and old menu side by side to see where prices inflated.

Error messages have purpose. While the most common case is that the page/server went offline, there are many times where a page URL changes as a result of regular website updates, where you don't want users to obtain old content.

Sometimes things are deleted for a reason.

Consider this situation:
Kid: What color was the ichthyosaur?
Parent: "We don't know, but it was probably dark-colored because it lived deep in the ocean. However, it may have been brightly colored to attract a mate, may have glowed in the dark to attract prey, or may have had tiger-like patterning to hide in native vegetation. We may never know."
...
Scientist: "We have found out! It was dark grey. You should cheer because we have answered a fundamental question about the ichthyosaur. We can use this method to discover what color the other dinosaurs were, if you would want to know."

I'd just like to say that the Beatles haven't been bigger than Jesus since 2004, when Google started recording search results...
http://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=%2Fm%2F07c0j%2C%20Jesus&cmpt=q

Also, that they weren't bigger than Jesus, in text, at any time:
https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=the+Beatles%2CJesus&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cthe%20Beatles%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CJesus%3B%2Cc0

Jesus is still bigger than bitcoin... for now...
http://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=bitcoin%2C%20jesus&cmpt=q

It mostly works the way that you have represented. The majority of your post in on the back-end propagation of updates, which works well, and obviously doesn't work when offline. Generally apps work offline by default (like a saved webpage), unless your app needs to reach to an online site.

Chrome apps are submitted in a manifest along with all of their files to Google, which charges a fee to be a developer ($5), establishes a limit on the number of apps, and has automated checks to make sure that security precautions are applied.

I am a Chrome app developer (a bad one, but whatever), and all of the apps I've made work offline.

This isn't true at all... I made a "Mirror" app yesterday (https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/mirror-tds/fapfdhoailemkonegpjdhngmjfpmdjdj) on my Chromebook which works just as well as a "flipped webcam image" offline as it does online.

My other app to graph relationships between objects (https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/tensity-grapher/keomiemppflejbjkafeaepbdhigggifd) also works offline.

As does Google Docs (Offline), as the calculator, as does a timer, and my calendar, and many of the apps I have installed (I'm frequently offline).

I don't have a GSM subscription (I use wifi), Google Chrome doesn't sell such a subscription (try it with your own laptop, with whatever wifi/service you have), and many apps work without internet connection.

Whelp, we might as well never have common standards than!

You hit the nail on the head. Numerous but relatively minor details in a large program rollout are to be expected. The benefit of establishing standards outweighs the difficulties of establishment.

I am a scientist who dabbles in data mining problems. I use Python with a healthy dose of C++ and the occasional Java. These are probably the three most common languages among the community. I see people using R and Matlab relatively frequently. A bunch of people in this topic have suggested Fortran, but I've never seen anyone use it seriously.

I haven't run into anyone who who doesn't use a minimum of two programming languages (Python/C++, Matlab/Java, etc.).

Note that Kaggle.com (the data mining competition site) frequently posts their example solutions in Python. Failure to understand the Python solution starts you out at a healthy disadvantage.

If only there were some sort of public sector approach to the same initiative. Wherever would you find it?

https://gifttutoring.org/ [gifttutoring.org]
http://www.adlnet.org/ [adlnet.org]
http://learningregistry.org/ [learningregistry.org]
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/DSO/Programs/Education_Dominance.aspx [darpa.mil]
http://www.tutor.com/military/eligibility [tutor.com]
http://www.learnlab.org/ [learnlab.org]

And if only some research laboratories were working on the problem... Like Arizona State University, Carnegie Mellon University, Columbia Teacher's College, the University of Memphis, the University of Central Florida, and others...

If only there were some sort of public sector approach to the same initiative. Wherever would you find it?

https://gifttutoring.org/
http://www.adlnet.org/
http://learningregistry.org/
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/DSO/Programs/Education_Dominance.aspx
http://www.tutor.com/military/eligibility
http://www.learnlab.org/

And if only some research laboratories were working on the problem... Like Arizona State University, Carnegie Mellon University, Columbia Teacher's College, the University of Memphis, the University of Central Florida, and others...

My favorite subjects are Lunch, Nap, "Free Play"/Gym, and Sex Ed., which I believe are in line with all of humanities favorite activities.

(Bonus points for a Pip & Flinx reference to the Ulru-Ujurrians, the advanced race who simply wants to "eat, sleep, mate, and play games".)