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Submission + - Physicists find solid-state 'triple point' in material that conducts, insulates (washington.edu) 1

vinces99 writes: It is well known to scientists that the three common phases of water – ice, liquid and vapor – can exist stably together only at a particular temperature and pressure, called the triple point. Also well known is that the solid form of many materials can have numerous phases, but it is difficult to pinpoint the temperature and pressure for the points at which three solid phases can coexist stably. Physicists now have made the first-ever accurate determination of a solid-state triple point in a substance called vanadium dioxide, which is known for switching rapidly – in as little as one 10-trillionth of a second – from an electrical insulator to a conductor, and thus could be useful in various technologies. "These solid-state triple points are fiendishly difficult to study, essentially because the different shapes of the solid phases makes it hard for them to match up happily at their interfaces," said David Cobden, a University of Washington physics professor who is lead author of a paper about the research published in Nature. "There are, in theory, many triple points hidden inside a solid, but they are very rarely probed."

Submission + - NSA broke privacy rules thousands of times per year, audit finds" (washingtonpost.com)

NettiWelho writes: The Washington Post: The National Security Agency has broken privacy rules or overstepped its legal authority thousands of times each year since Congress granted the agency broad new powers in 2008, according to an internal audit and other top-secret documents.
Most of the infractions involve unauthorized surveillance of Americans or foreign intelligence targets in the United States, both of which are restricted by law and executive order. They range from significant violations of law to typographical errors that resulted in unintended interception of U.S. e-mails and telephone calls.

Comment Re:TAANSTAFL! (Score 1) 181

A thermocell works by having a sharp temperature differential.

Not difficult if you're starting with temperatures in excess of 130C and the air temperature is >100C lower.

Passive cooling does not cause a sharp temperate difference.

Nonsense. Heatsinks dissipate as much heat as they're designed to dissipate; a 1 degree/Watt convective heatsink will create exactly the same temperature differential as a 1 degree/Watt fan forced heatsink (though the latter will be smaller and lighter), that's why they're both rated at 1 degree/Watt. The units are the same, the rating is the same, but you're trying to argue that somehow the ability to remove heat is different...that's like saying a 40W round lightbulb uses less power than a 40W candle-shaped lightbulb.

Fan cooled heatsinks cool down quicker once the load is removed, but that's not really relevant in this application.

Passive cooling also has a limitation as the surrounding air also becomes hot unless fans are used.

I have a tower in my office with six fans that shut down when the air temperature hit 45C on three days last summer...hot air in reduces cooling efficiency with or without fans, simply because the whole system is that much closer to thermal equilibrium (taking it to the extreme, if the air is hotter heatsink the direction of heat flow is reversed. Hit a heatsink with a hairdryer and see what happens if you don't believe me, I assure you it won't get colder because there's a fan involved). But if you're talking about heat buildup inside a case, that's inadequate venting to allow convection, or incorrect thermal design. The 70-150W dissipation of a modern CPU is relatively low compared to a big transistor power amp driving a highly reactive low impedance load (a feat that's been successfully accomplished for about 50 years), passive cooling is only problematic if you don't know what you're doing.

Try running your computer without a case fan and see how long your passively cooled motherboard chip lasts.

11 years and counting from experience, but that's a 2001 iMac which was designed to use convective cooling. Tower cases aren't, so your suggestion would prove nothing except the wrong thermal design is wrong. But pull the mobo out of the case to allow good air flow, stick one of the heatsinks I linked to on it, and the die temperature of a quad core i7 3770 will hit about 85C at full load, which is high but within spec. Put it back in the case without fans or additional ventilation holes in the top and bottom and it'll catch fire because of heat buildup. Point is it isn't how you cool that matters, the heat source doesn't "know" that, just that you provide enough cooling.

Comment Re:Hmmmm (Score 1, Interesting) 181

No. If you have a machine that's 50% efficient, where does the other 50% of the energy go? That's right, heat. If you can recover 10% of that heat as electricity, your machine is now 60% efficient. Even if you could recover the theoretical 100% of the waste heat the total energy efficiency is still only 100%, so it doesn't violate the laws of thermodynamics.

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