Comment Btrfs send/receive (Score 4, Informative) 227
Btrfs send/receive should possible be doing the trick. After first cloning the disk and before every subsequent transfer create a reference-snapshot on the laptop and delete the previous one after the transfer.
$ btrfs subvolume snapshot
$ btrfs send -p
$ btrfs subvolume delete
I havn't tried this for myself, so the necessary disclaimer: this may eat your disk or kill a kitten