This is one of the things that a lot of people have a hard time understanding about space travel / orbital mechanics. The analogy I use, is let's say you throw a baseball on the interstate, intending it to land in the bed of a specific pickup truck. Now half way through the ball's flight, you find out that it needs to go into another truck traveling in the opposite direction, and the only thing the ball can do is eject pieces of itself in order to change it's direction / velocity. Well, it ain't going to make it. So that is why the Columbia shuttle couldn't dock with the ISS, even if the damage was known about.
However, one thing it could have done is fly in using a trajectory which put more stress on the good wing, until the vehicle reached an altitude in which the occupants could safely eject. But that was only speculation on NASA's part, no guarantee that it would have worked. But an inspection would have at least left it as an option.