yes. It would seem that when it comes down to it, actually doing the work is what causes one to learn the material and basically shortcuts don't result in learning the material.
indeed. however i wouldn't blow this out of proportion (disclaimer: didn't read tfa, i'm not surprised at all by these results).
back in the day it was fashionable for a while to teach kids to play chess to bolster their mental abilities. jorge luis borges (who was a brilliant story writer but usually an utter moron when it came to worldview, so this came as a surprise to me and maybe that's why i remember it) had a very good quote about this: "playing chess develops intelligence to play chess" which neatly summarizes the point i would like to make.
the point being that our mental abilities have been consistently changing and evolving to adapt to the changes in our environment that we ourselves create. some examples: we no longer teach calligraphy so most people's handwriting sucks, but that's no problem because we count on keyboards. we no longer emphasize ortography because we have autocorrect (ymmv). we no longer practice mental calculations because we invented electronic calculators and then computers. we no longer train the ability for realistic painting because we invented the picture camera (and abstract painting bloomed). taxi driver's posterior hyppocampi are no longer more developed than normal because they rely on gps navigators. and on an on. yet we still function, and it can be argued we are in general even more creative and/or more efficient than we ever were. this doesn't mean we're no longer able to write, paint or navigate, we just do it differently, and in many aspects we do more than ever. all these abilities we worked so hard on still exist but in a very limited and specific way, most people don't need them.
i think in this regard ai is fundamentally no different from keyboards, spell checkers, calculators cameras and navigators. it's just another new tool that will shape our behavior and our capabilities, with some atrophiating and some other blooming. while there are many concerns about the use of ai, some of them very serious, i don't think its impact on our mental abilities is something to worry about (although important to research and monitor). now, i do reckon borges said this in a much more elegant and concise way, and without chatgpt!