California receives $0.99 in federal expenditures per dollar of taxes paid, which is below the national average return for states of $1.22 per dollar paid

It's a "donor" state, but not by much.

And where did the "government agency" get the money from?
That's right, the taxpayers.

Generally, no. The business is fined a multiple of the wages illegally not paid, and the employee is paid from those.

So, the employee is paid by the employer, and the rest of the fine goes towards funding the government agency.

How exactly does one "plan on going" private in Ontario with health care when providing private health care is essentially illegal?

Private dental, mental, and prescription coverage, but you can go private for many doctors, too.

I use EQ virtual, but there are other apps that can basically do the same thing. It's illegal to see Ontario doctors for a fee, but it's perfectly fine to see doctors from any other province, and for $50 I can be seen in an hour or two. I also see clinics when I travel to the US - it's cheaper to pay the doctors to prescribe me medication there and fill it there than it is to fill it here. Plus, the clinics are willing to actually prescribe things like migraine medication and ADHD medication without simply telling me that I'll have to see a specialist, where I have to wait 3 months just to get an appointment.

Reimplementation also gives people the option to choose their own license. As developers, it's all too easy to succumb to "not invented here" syndrome, but there are sometimes very legitimate reasons to re-write things, even if they do exactly the same thing as existing solutions.