An anonymous reader writes: Dr Rainer Zitelmann doesn't even remember posting the meme on social media that nearly landed him in prison.
"When I opened the letter from police, I thought it was a misunderstanding," Dr Zitelmann, a German historian and author of about 30 books, told The Telegraph.
Berlin police told Dr Zitelmann he had been accused of violating a post-Second World War law that bans the display of Nazi symbols, slogans and imagery – and could now face three years in prison if found guilty.
The 69-year-old found out the offending social media post was a meme about Adolf Hitler. But it was one in which he criticised the Nazi dictator and compared his invasion of Czechoslovakia to Vladimir Putin's invasion of Ukraine.
"It was crystal clear the post was negative ... I was saying that Putin is so bad he is like Hitler," he explains from his study in Berlin, surrounded by hundreds of books about the rise of fascism, including his own doctoral thesis. "The comparison only works if you think Hitler was evil."
He lets out an ironic chuckle at the absurdity of it all: after decades of excoriating the Nazis in his books, a mere click of a mouse led to accusations of him being one.
Dr Zitelmann is one of thousands of Germans who have been threatened with fines or prison sentences for social media posts that fall foul of the country's political speech laws, which are unusually stringent for an EU member state.
Some of the cases are sinister and farcical in equal measure.
One German had his home raided for calling a minister a "Schwachkopf [dummy]" while another was fined €2,000 for calling Friedrich Merz a "lying Fritz" under a law that, critics claim, makes it effectively illegal to make fun of politicians.
The number of investigations under Section 86a, the Nazi symbols ban that Dr Zitelmann was investigated for, has more than doubled over the past decade according to official police statistics. Investigations into the "political insult" law also reached record levels in 2025.
The surge in cases is so vast that the UN has launched an investigation into free speech violations in Germany, a step typically reserved for dictatorships and banana republics.
