Lisanne Bainbridge's 1983 paper, the Ironies of Automation (Bainbridge 1983), was a telling and prescient summary of the many challenges that arise from automation. She pointed out the ways in which automation, paradoxically, make the human's job more crucial and more difficult, rather than easier and less essential as so many engineers believe. Not only does automation introduce new design errors into the control of systems, but it creates very different jobs that have many new problems, with the result that people may be less able to perform when needed. They need to be more skilled to understand and operate the automation, while simultaneously the automation leads to skill atrophy. Additional system complexity is introduced as well as vigilance problems that interfere with peoples' ability to oversee the automation. And while manual workload may be decreased much of the time, cognitive workload is often increased at critical times.