Calories are related to use of a bomb calorimeter. thats observable, scientific, but not relevant to human utilization. Food has potential energy, ultimately boiling down to ATP -> ADP in cells powerhouse, but only if it makes it that far.. Limit the surges of sugar into blood. support your mucin layer with your intake: add fiber. If you can get your carbs past duodenum, and into jejunum, the gut bacteria that makes us what we are gets fed. Something like that... Feed your gut... Eating an orange delivers sugar but also fiber. Drinking Orange juice with only sugar is unrestrained sugar dump into your blood... ChatGPT challenge: "is a bomb calorimeter consistent with utilization of food by the human body" and "Is Dr Lustig right when he says a bomb calorimeter is not consistent with utilization of food by the human body"