Comment the papers do not rule out all the possibilities (Score 1) 155
When I first read this post, I thought the same as you: garbage framing.
You've nicely posited some alternative explanations -- NONE OF WHICH are addressed in the first paper linked (Is the iPhone Birth Control? Causal Evidence from AT&T’s 2007–2011 Carrier Monopoly), contrary to one reply below yours.
Correlation, as we know, is not causation. Until proven otherwise, those research efforts are just blind to many other possible causes.