Ultra processing doesn't neccessarily mean the food is bad for you. But it just so happens, due to economics of making shelf-stable low cost packaged foods, that these ultra-processed foods all contain lots of sugar and lots of toxic oil. It's these two ingredients that are killing people, not the fact that the food is processed in a machine.
Sugar you all know about.It causes type 2 diabetes and metabolic disease which leads to obesity, and obesity causes a whole host of other problems (heart disease, cancer, fatty liver disease, etc).
But the other big problem, toxic oil, lots of people still don't get it. Toxic oil means soybean oil, cottonseed oil, rapeseed oil (AKA "Canola" oil), corn oil, etc. They are all very high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which unstable and oxidize rapidly and become toxins which then lead to heart disease over time. These oils are frankenfoods.... they do not exist in nature in the pure liquid that we think of. There's only a tiny amount of oil in a soybean, and it's all bound up in the fibers and it's hard to isolate and concentrate it. That's why industrial processes using high heat and hexane (a petrolchemical solvent similar to gasoline) are used to extract and concentrate the soybean oil. It's then bleached to get rid of the gummy residue and to get rid of the smell. All this processing breaks down and oxidizes the PUFA, which is already unstable to begin with. That means the bottle of soybean/corn/rapeseed oil you buy from the supermarket is already oxidized to all hell and is going to be a major source of inflammation and irritation to your arteries and other things.
The only reason companies use these toxic oils is because they're very very cheap.
Prior to the 20th century, before the invention of these cheap toxic PUFA seed oils, everyone ate butter and tallow and lard, and maybe olive oil in climates where olives can grow, and heart attacks were nearly unheard of. Then beginning with the invention of hexane-extracted cottonseed oil (which were first used as industrial lubricant and not even considered for human consumption due to their dubious origin), heart attack rates rose and rose and rose until by the late 20th century, heart attack became the #1 killer of adults in all the "western" nations that switched over to these cheap oils.
Monounsaturated fats and saturated fats are what you should be eating. It's not that these good for you, it's just that they are stable products and are not toxins and they are not bad for you and they don't cause heart disease. So don't eat oil thinking it's good for you, do the opposite. Avoid the toxic shit.
Back to the original point of the article. There are some ultra-processed foods that are not bad for you at all. Think of freeze-dried egg powder. No sugar added, no PUFA oils, just normal regular eggs that are freeze-dried in a giant vacuum chamber and then ground up into a fine powder by industrial grinding machines. It's highly processed, but also it's perfectly healthy to eat it. Because it's got no sugar and no toxic oil.