it was just failed leadership making bad decisions in a state of panic and with no accountability.
And most of this can be applied specifically to Common Core Math and the way it was implemented (and the later standards and multimodal learning that followed). I actually think it was a really good idea. But they failed to account for the fact that the parents won't understand the homework either. And they also failed to realize that memorization is still important for speed.
What you had is students whose parents not only didn't understand the homework but actively got angry and rallied against it. There were no learning materials given to the parents at least in my area. These are things the parents never learned in school but they are the primary support for homework.
And then you have the kids, who may have a deep understanding of how multiplication and division work but struggle with algebra and beyond because they have to hand-calculate something that should be memorized.