Comment Re:Comment from a Chemist (Score 1) 432
From what I have seen sugar is much better for Ethanol in terms of EROI
From what I have seen sugar is much better for Ethanol in terms of EROI
From your earlier comment "But it has limits in what percentage of our supply it can produce and not cause grid stability issues"
I have shown that it can get to 35% without causing those issues .
Is the cost for spinning reserve paid for by the current power stations
Assuming power demand has not increased and thus no new plants would need to be built normally.
(I.e Wind is replacing existing instead of instead of new)
The marginal cost of coal and gas appears to be 50-80 putting the wind about equal. (And for your spinning reserve well we have gas power that is no longer running due to wind)
When you spread wind turbines out over a large area you also smooth out the variability.
The problem with allocating that cost to wind is that the other power plants do not pay for the spinning reserve.
My reading of the 6c/kwh is that includes transmission to the grid.
As for the percentage limit
http://www.aweablog.org/blog/p...
with wind farms at one point providing 35.05 percent, or more than a third, of the system's power.
It's important to note that these new marks are being set without any utility system reliability problems, as system operators make use of their standard techniques for balancing supply and demand.
You mean the same spinning reserve for large changes in demand such as the ad breaks in popular shows as people make a cup of coffee or in case a large power station has a problem and shuts down?
Integration impacts are not exclusive to wind and solar. Nearly all generators can impose costs on the power system or other generators when they are added to the power system.
These impacts are seldom calculated as integration costs and never applied to conventional generators as integration costs.
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy11o... (page 11)
Or a broader option is to charge per CO2 emitted and use that money to reduce other taxes.
If you want an example of wind power
total cost of $0.062 per kWh composed of $0.04 production and $0.022 tax credit (or ~ £40 / MWH )
So that needs to be considered in the for column for wind.
And the benefit of dropping wholesale costs of electricity?
Cost of nuclear station subsidy £96-£97 per megawatt hour
http://www.independent.co.uk/n...
Cost of wind
£100 per megawatt hour
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ear...
Cost wise they are about the same.
Currently in countries such as South Korea and China, typical construction times range from 4 to 6 years
https://www.oecd-nea.org/press...
Construction time is usually very short – a 10 MW wind farm can easily be built in two months. A larger 50 MW wind farm can be built in six months.
http://www.ewea.org/wind-energ...
Add in the time for planing etc and wind is faster.
Do you include the area for the wind plant between turbines that are used for other purposes?
Also do you include the uranium mine?
There has been a demonstrated correlation between CO2 and temperature shown by Antarctic ice core data (within ~800-1000y). If a rise of CO2 in this data should consistently lag behind rises in temperature then CO2drivesT is not ruled out (both may be responding to some other factor but at different rates) BUT CO2drivesT has fallen down a notch... it now requires more extraordinary proof.
All you have shown is evidence for A causing B.
It says nothing about B causing A either for or against.
If we have a seesaw with weights on each end , and I keep adding and removing weight from A.
According to your logic B does not affect A at all.
What happens when water vapor gets out of balance, it falls as rain or their is an increase in evaporation.
The mean temperature of the moon is 220K , about 60K lower then the earth.
If you increase the CO2 contribution to 4% you get a degree of warming.
What do you say to the studies showing that high CO2 leads to worse food(more poisons and less nutrients)
Also plants need water to survive but a flood will wipe them out.
Just off the top of my head
1) If the whole atmosphere is warming instead of just the bottom layer then it is something else (CO2 is trapping heat)
2) Measuring the outgoing IR Radiation especially the bands where CO2 absorbs IR and seeing a rise.
3) A larger then normal increase in the sun(more energy coming in)
http://www.calculator.net/btu-...
http://www.boeing.com/boeing/c...
57KW of cooling for a 50 F decrease
Air conditioners can get 2-3 times the amount put in.
20-30KW for cooling.
Heaters generally are 1 more.
15-20KW for heating.
You could power a stationary Boeing 747 on solar. You just could not move it in the air.
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