The observations of Edwin Hubble in 1929 suggested that distant galaxies were all apparently moving away from us, so that many scientists came to accept that the universe was expanding. These scientists however did not include Hubble himself. While the metric expansion of space reading of Hubble's 1929 observations is viewed today by most scientists as the correct reading of the data, Hubble wrote six years later:
QUOTE (E. Hubble)
"... if redshift are not primarily due to velocity shift
- E. Hubble, Ap. J., 84, 517, 1936
and
QUOTE (E.Hubble)
"[If the redshifts are a Doppler shift]
- E. Hubble, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 97, 506, 1937
Mistake is the assumption that cosmic red shift is due to Doppler effect.
Existence of gravitational constant means that light is red-shifted due to repulsive gravity effect on very large distances.
Even Einstein himself apparently has been fooled by "expanding universe" idea and didn't finished his works based on cosmological constant. Maybe this is a reason why he didn't succeed with his general relativity theory: due to misconception.
Today I'm convinced that "expanding universe" is one of biggest mistakes which Physics has ever made. That's why we hear this constant mumbling about "dark energy" and "dark mass":
Use Heim Mass Calculator to easily compute masses of proton, neutron, electron and a lot of other particles as well, with a great precision (relative errors less then 0.00001) when comparing with most precise laboratory measurements available. The only hardware you need is Java in your browser.
This algorithm is based on 50-year old equations of Burkhard Heim thanks to his beautiful theory. Notice that it include computation of neutrino mass which was found in recent years. When Heim was working on his theory almost all scientist were sure that neutrino is massless. The only input which this algorithm needs is a bunch of well known constants: h (Planck's Constant), G (Gravitational constant), vacuum permittivity and vacuum permeability.
Our current "mainstream" (hate this word) theory known as Standard Model is full of inconsistencies which are forcing scientists to constantly mumble about "dark mass" and "dark energy" stuff.
It remembers me about Enrico Fermi's comment "Beautiful theory, wrong universe". Does it apply here?
egrep -n '^[a-z].*\(' $ | sort -t':' +2.0