I don't think it's a matter of training. I think it's a matter of genetics and therefore of hormones.
Frex, there was an interesting study on women who became vegetarians in mid-life, because "meat suddenly smells bad" (not for 'ethical' reasons). Turns out they uniformly suffered from estrogen deficiency, which radically altered their perceptions of smell and therefore taste. I have personally witnessed this phenomenon with someone who had a hysterectomy at 40 and never bothered to get her hormones adjusted. I've also seen it a couple times with M-to-F transgendered folks who haven't yet got their new hormone levels right.
Likewise, most little kids don't like strong or sharp flavors, yet at maturity, these same kids often prefer those same flavors they couldn't stand as juveniles. The most critical factors between juvenile and adult are changes in the hormone profile. (I've also noticed that apparent hormone insufficiency often accompanies the schizo/bipolar/OCD spectrum, which I believe is not so much something one comes down with, as something one fails to mature out out.)
I have Hashimoto's thyroditis, and if I crave and like the taste of sweets above other stuff, it's a good indicator that I need to increase my thyroid dosage (in fact this preference for sweets will appear before ANY other hypothyroid symptoms).
So what I would recommend is that you have a complete thyroid (not just TSH, which unless obviously high is worthless by itself) and reproductive hormone panel done. If there's something that needs adjustment, it may well take care of much of the hypersensitivity about food texture and taste. If that's not it -- well, I expect you have some enzyme deficiency, perhaps not anything medically identified as yet, and maybe not particularly 'abnormal' but rather on the far edge of the normal range of perception. Or it may indicate some unidentified medical issue, but apparently not life-threatening or you wouldn't still be here. :) I know someone who had a variety of physical hypersensitivities ("princess and the pea" syndrome) which sounded like neuroses if you didn't look further, but eventually proved due to a mild form of porphyria!!
But I don't think it's "all in your head" or a matter of just training yourself to accept it. Our sensory equipment is FAR more sensitive than most people give it credit for; if your body believes something isn't edible, it may well be that you lack an enzyme (again, that's genetic) needed to process it, and your nose can tell, even if your conscious brain can't.
Example: Ever see a little kid have a literal panic attack when some adult tries to force them to eat spinach for the first time? Why, you may ask, does some 5 year old, who'd never even heard of spinach before, act like you're trying to feed them poison? I think it's because the kid can (unknowingly) smell the oxalic acid, which is indeed 'poison' to a child's calcium metabolism.