I don't think the message ids and NNTP protocol makes that possible though, you'd need some kind of content-based hash/query system.
Message-ID's are controlled by the poster, you could embed content hashes in them quite easily; you'd just need to know any other parts of the field, which can either be fixed (content hashes should provide enough uniqueness), or detected by parsing a NZB with appropriately tagged segments. e.g:
Message-ID: <sha1-9c39cd34aa9f25e4e788479fb7c68dbd3118d7cb.256000+256000@bt.swarmable>
In a NZB, this is just another segment, and it could be posted exactly as existing posts are; a torrent client, wanting data with that SHA1 hash (and a probably unnecessary byte offset and length) could request that article without knowing anything else about it (other than maybe needing to know what group it's in for some NSP's; easily solved by crossposting to, say, alt.binaries.torrentable).
The main requirement would be that the torrent client and usenet post both use the same block size.