Another thing we do know for a fact that Glyphosate does, is it disrupts the so-called Shikimate metabolic pathway (which inhibits the production of enzymes needed to synthesize some amino acids). And thus the target organism, which is now unable to produce proteins, dies. That's exactly why it is the active ingredient in a herbicide: it kills plants.
The good news is mammals do not possess the Shikimate pathway (they have to ingest the amino acids that they need). Plants, bacteria and fungi however do posses the pathway.
The bad news is that human (and other mammalian) gut is full of such bacteria and fungi, one could say we live in symbiosis with them since they are pretty important for us to help digest food and absorb nutrients (and even creating some nutrients inside our digestive tracts). Hence prebiotic and probiototic foods and supplements having become all the rage in recent years (health practitioners are often seen recommending fermented foods like yogurt, kombucha, sauerkraut, etc.).
As an example: I own a horse, and know a couple of other horse owners, and have a friend I've known since college days who produces a probiotic supplement for horses and other animals, based in part on soil microorganisms extracted from earthworm castings. It is quite striking to see the improvement in health, condition, coat shine, and temperament in horses who are given such a supplement.
So it would IMHO be conceivable (although certainly not a proof) that a human with sub-optimal nutrient uptake would also obtain less of the nutrients (vitamins and anti-oxidants) that would help his immune system to clear up precancerous cells, eventually leading to cancer in some individuals. (Of course, muddying the waters is that multiple factors in the modern world are detrimental to humans' gut biome, like antibiotics, sugar, alcohol, stress, processed foods, etc. Adding Glyphosate to that is not helping. And we presumably ingest more and more residues of the stuff, as things like Roundup Ready crops and the practice of crop desiccation becomes more established.)
The other bad news is that the soil also contains bacteria and fungi. (The guts of the earthworms already mentioned are veritable reactors, where these same microorganisms in high concentration digest plant matter. Incidentally pretty similar or identical to the microorganism population in our own guts, when healthy, ours are just less concentrated.) These microorganisms and other soil life are useful because they help to build soil structure, retain moisture, sequester carbon when they die, and - important - live in symbiosis with plants, which helps the plants with better nutrient uptake and thus better plant health - and ultimately causing better nutrient quality further up the food chain (which is important for humans if they are the ones getting nutrition from the plants).
As much as I love the progress and innovations stemming from western culture, we do seem to have this weakness that we often fail to see the forest for all the trees: our in-depth focus on details in isolation prevents us from seeing the holistic picture and the interactions and relationships between the parts - hence "unintended consequences" being so common.
I'm fortunate in the sense that I have some space, so I'm increasing my own production of chemical-free herbs and vegetables, relying less and less on the store for food needs. Horse manure, compost, and castings from my earthworm bin all are very valuable substances in the pursuit of this.