The UK's NHS has, for most of its life, been neither a single-payer nor an insurance based system ... instead its costs came out of general taxation with no treatment-accounting. By that I mean there was no financial record-keeping related to individual treatments or doctor consultations ..... Family doctors (GP) receive a flat annual sum for each patient they have registered, regardless of how many or how few times the patient visits them. Likewise Hospitals were funded based on the medical needs of the area, with no financial records kept of individual's treatment episodes.
this approach resulted in admin costs of about 5% of expenditure only
Tony Blair started the rot when his Labour government introduced the "internal market", forcing every medical episode to be recorded and costed.. The excuse being that hospitals would compete for patient-referals from family doctors ... as the NHS had gone through a phase when it relocated most district's hospital services onto single sites, most areas of the country have only a single hospital competing against itself. There was no medical advantage to this change BUT it introduced the financial recording system needed for future privatisation
The result was an explosion of admin and financial staff ..... and admin costs that reached 11% of expenditure..
the current government's reforms are predicted to push admin costs over 20% of expenditure.
The other aspect that the Tories hate is that it is paid for out of general taxation not through an insurance premium ... so the rich contribute more than the poor and the unemployed and the less affluent pensioners still receive health-care. with the original funding method, most people paid far less in their taxes for healthcare than in insurance systems such as the US.
In general there are no medical co-pays as in the US ... Drugs are free BUT, unless are exempt (over 60, under 16, etc) you pay $10 for the prescription ... there are small co-pays for a few services such as dentistry and glasses .... things like hearing aids, breathing equipment etc, are provided free .... the NHS used to be the worlds biggest manufacturer of hearing-aids, false-teeth, glasses and artificial limbs ...
