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Submission + - Is research into recursive self-improvement becoming a safety hazard? (foommagazine.org) 1

Gazelle Bay writes: One of the earliest speculations about machine intelligence was that, because it would be made of much simpler components than biological intelligence, like source code instead of cellular tissues, the machine would have a much easier time modifying itself. In principal, it would also have a much easier time improving itself, and therefore improving its ability to improve itself, thereby potentially leading to an exponential growth in cognitive performance—or an 'intelligence explosion,' as envisioned in 1965 by the mathematician Irving John Good.

Recently, this historically envisioned objective, called recursive self-improvement (RSI), has started to be publicly pursued by scientists and openly discussed by AI corporations' senior leadership. Perhaps the most visible signature of this trend is that a group of academic and corporate researchers will be hosting, in April, a first formal workshop explicitly focused on the subject, located at the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), a premier conference for AI research. In their workshop proposal, organizers state they expect over 500 in attendance.

However, prior to recent discussions of the subject, RSI was often—but not always—seen as posing serious concerns about AI systems that executed it. These concerns were typically less focused on RSI, itself, and more focused on the consequences of RSI, like the intelligence explosion it might (hypothetically) generate. Were such an explosion not carefully controlled, or perhaps even if it were, various researchers argued that it might not secure the values or ethics of the system, even while bringing about exponential improvements to its problem solving capabilities—thereby making the system unpredictable or dangerous.

Recent developments have therefore raised questions about whether the topic is being treated with a sufficient safety focus. David Scott Krueger of the University of Montreal and Mila, the Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, is critical of the research. "I think it's completely wild and crazy that this is happening, it's unconscionable," said Krueger to Foom in an interview. "It's being treated as if researchers are just trying to solve some random, arcane math problem ... it shows you how unserious the field is about the social impact of what it's doing."

Submission + - Scientists Finally Discover the Glue that Makes Memories Stick for a Lifetime (scientificamerican.com)

An anonymous reader writes: The persistence of memory is crucial to our sense of identity, and without it, there would be no learning, for us or any other animal. It’s little wonder, then, that some researchers have called how the brain stores memories the most fundamental question in neuroscience. A milestone in the effort to answer this question came in the early 1970s, with the discovery of a phenomenon called long-term potentiation, or LTP. Scientists found that electrically stimulating a synapse that connects two neurons causes a long-lasting increase in how well that connection transmits signals. Scientists say simply that the “synaptic strength” has increased. This is widely believed to be the process underlying memory. Networks of neural connections of varying strengths are thought to be what memories are made of.

In the search for molecules that enable LTP, two main contenders emerged. One, called PKMzeta (protein kinase Mzeta), made a big splash when a 2006 study showed that blocking it erased memories for places in rats. If obstructing a molecule erases memories, researchers reasoned, that event must be essential to the process the brain uses to maintain memories. A flurry of research into the so-called memory molecule followed, and numerous experiments appeared to show that it was necessary and sufficient for maintaining numerous types of memory. The theory had a couple of holes, though. First, PKMzeta is short-lived. “Those proteins only last in synapses for a couple of hours, and in neurons, probably a couple of days,” says Todd Sacktor, a neurologist at SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, who was co-senior author of the 2006 study. “Yet our memories can last 90 years, so how do you explain this difference?” Second, PKMzeta is created in cells as needed, but then it has to find the right synapses. Each neuron has around 10,000 synapses, only a few percent of which are strengthened, says neuroscientist Andre Fenton, the other co-senior author of the 2006 study, who is now at New York University. The strengthening of some synapses and not others is how this mechanism stores information, but how PKMzeta molecules accomplish this was unknown.

A new study published in Science Advances by Sacktor, Fenton and their colleagues plugs these holes. The research suggests that PKMzeta works alongside another molecule, called KIBRA (kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein), which attaches to synapses activated during learning, effectively “tagging” them. KIBRA couples with PKMzeta, which then keeps the tagged synapses strengthened. Experiments show that blocking the interaction between these two molecules abolishes LTP in neurons and disrupts spatial memories in mice. Both molecules are short-lived, but their interaction persists. “It’s not PKMzeta that’s required for maintaining a memory, it’s the continual interaction between PKMzeta and this targeting molecule, called KIBRA,” Sacktor says. “If you block KIBRA from PKMzeta, you’ll erase a memory that’s a month old.” The specific molecules will have been replaced many times during that month, he adds. But, once established, the interaction maintains memories over the long term as individual molecules are continually replenished. [...]

The researchers used two different molecules to block PKMzeta and KIBRA from interacting. They first showed that both of these blockers only prevent PKMzeta from attaching to KIBRA. Neither stop PKCiota/lambda from doing so. Experiments showed that both blockers reversed LTP and disrupted memories in normal mice but had no effect on memory storage in mice engineered to lack PKMzeta. [...] The results show that blocking PKMzeta—but not PKCiota/lambda—in normal, nonengineered animals erases memories, so under ordinary circumstances, iota/lambda cannot be crucial to long-term memory storage because its presence in the brain does not prevent memories being erased. “We nailed it,” Sacktor says. “There’s no getting away from [the conclusion that] PKMzeta is critical.” Fenton and Sacktor think PKCiota/lambda is an evolutionary relic that was involved in memory eons ago. Once PKMzeta evolved, it replaced iota/lambda, and it does a better job. But when scientists knock out the PKMzeta gene in laboratory animals, the animals compensate by falling back on iota/lambda.

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