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Combined White Knight / SpaceShipOne Flight Tests
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Combined Flight Test Legend:
C = Captive Carry
L = Launch
G = Glide
P = Powered
The first letter represents the intended mission for the flight and the second letter, if present, represents the actual mission flown. For example, first glide will for the space ship will be 03G. If the flight aborts or doesn't release for whatever reason, the nomenclature becomes 03GC.
Flight 49L / 12G
Date: 11 MAR 04 Flight Time: 1.3 hours / 18 mins 30 secs
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Stinemetze
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Siebold
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Extra Pilot: Melvill / Coleman
Objectives:
The twelfth flight of SpaceShipOne. Objectives included: pilot proficiency, reaction control system functionality check and stability and control and performance of the vehicle with the airframe thermal protection system installed. This was an unpowered glide test.
Results:
Slashdot's editors are facists.
Launch conditions were 48,500 feet and 125 knots. All systems performed as expected and the vehicle landed successfully while demonstrating the maximum cross wind landing capability.
Flight 43L / 11P
Date: 17 Dec 03 Flight Time: 1.2 hours / 18 mins 10 secs
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Bird
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Binnie
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Extra Pilot: Melvill / Coleman
Objectives:
The eighth flight of SpaceShipOne and first powered flight. 15 second burn of the rocket motor and supersonic flight. Motor light off at altitude and inflight engine performance. Vehicle handling qualities through transonics and feather performance from altitude.
Results:
Launch conditions were 47,900 feet and 112 knots. Motor light off was achieved at 44,400 feet and 0.55M. Burnout occurred at 1.2M and apogee was 67,800 feet. There was no noted flight control flutter or buzz during the climb. Feather recovery exhibited a +/-30 roll initially and then settled down into the familiar falling bathtub mode. The wing was de-feathered and locked by 35,000 feet. A nominal landing pattern was flown but touchdown caused the left main gear to collapse and the vehicle rolled to a stop off the runway in the soft sand. Although the damage was not major, repairs are expected to take approximately three weeks to complete.
Flight 42L / 10g
Date: 4 Dec 03 Flight Time: 1.3 hours / 13 mins 14 secs
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Stinemetz
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Binnie
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Extra Pilot: Melvill / Coleman
Objectives:
The seventh glide flight of SpaceShipOne and new pilot check out. Full functional check of the propulsion system by cold flowing nitrous oxide. Completed airspeed and positive and negative G-envelope expansion.
Results:
Launch conditions were 48,400 feet and 115 knots. All propulsion components, displays and functionality performed as designed. The feather was extended after a 4G pull-up to the vertical at 24,500 feet and rudder used to induce sideslip and yaw rates while "going-over-the-top". The vehicle recovered to a stable attitude and descent after only a single oscillation. The landing pattern was flown following established procedures resulting in a satisfactory touchdown.
Flight 41L/09G
Date: 19-Nov-03 Flight Time: 2.1 hours / 12 mins 25 secs
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Bird
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Siebold
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Coleman / Stinemetze
Objectives:
The sixth glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Test pilot Mike Melvill's first flight with the enlarged tails. Emergency aft CG handling qualities eval and simulated landing exercise with the new tail configuration. Airspeed and G envelop expansion and dynamic feather evaluation.
Results:
Launch conditions were 48,300 feet and 115 knots. Satisfactory vehicle handling characteristics at the emergency CG limit. Melvill reported improved stability, improved control powers and improved stick forces throughout the flight profile. The feather was extended after a 3G pull-up to the vertical at 30,000 feet. The vehicle recovered to a stable attitude and descent after a few mild oscillations. The landing pattern was flown at a higher airspeed than previous flights which allowed for a more controlled flare and landing at the nominal touchdown point.
Flight 40L/08G
Date: 14-Nov-03 Flight Time: 1.4 hours / 19 mins 55 secs
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Stinemetze
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Siebold
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Melvill/ Coleman
Objectives:
The fifth glide flight of SpaceShipOne. New pilot checkout flight. Stability and control testing with the new extended horizontal tails. Tests included stall performance at aft limit CG and evaluation of the increased pitch and roll control authority. Other objectives included additional testing of the motor controller (MCS) and handling qualities in feathered flight.
Results:
Launch conditions were 47,300 feet and 115 knots. Satisfactory stability and control at aft limit CG. A notable improvement in control power, particularly in roll. Handling qualities into and out of feather remained excellent with good nose pointing ability. Adjusted landing pattern altitudes resulted in a touchdown at the targeted runway aim-point.
Flight 38L/07G
Date: 17-Oct-03 Flight Time: 1.1 hours/ 17 mins 49 secs
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Bird
White Knight Flt Engineer: Moore
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Binnie
Low Chase-Extra Pilot: Coleman
Objectives:
Fourth glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Primary purpose was to examine the effects of horizontal tail modifications at both forward and mid-range CG locations (obtained by dumping water from an aft ballast tank between test points). The tail modifications included a fixed strake bonded to the tail boom in front of the stabilator and a span-wise flow fence mounted on the leading edge of each stab at mid-span. (See the write up under the SPACESHIPONE GROUND TEST section that describes our Ford-250 wind tunnel which was used to help derive the current flight configuration). Other test objectives included a functional check of the rocket motor controller, ARM, FIRE and safing switches as well as the oxidizer dump valve. Additional planned maneuvers included full rudder pedal sideslips and more aggressive nose pointing while in the feathered configuration.
Results:
Launch conditions were 46,200 feet and 115 knots and produced a clean separation. The tail performance was examined by flying "longitudinal stability" points between stall and 130 knots and showed considerable improvement of the airfoil's lift coefficient as well as its post stall characteristics. No vehicle pitch up tendency was noted as the main wing now stalls first. Real time video of the tufted tails fed back down to mission control helped considerably in assessing the performance of these aerodynamic improvements. More aggressive maneuvering in the feather made it evident that the pilot could readily point the vehicle's nose where desired and all rocket motor functionality tests were satisfactory.
Flight 37L / 06G
Date: 23-Sep-03 Flight Time: 1.5 hours / 12 mins 15 secs
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Stinemetz
White Knight Flt Engineer: Johnson
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Third glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Aft CG flying qualities and performance evaluation of the space ship in both the glide and re-entry or "feather" mode. Glide envelope expansion to 95% airspeed, 100% alpha and beta and 70% loadfactor. More aggressive post stall maneuvering and spin control as a glider and while feathered. Nitrous temperature control during climb to altitude and performance of upgraded landing gear extension mechanism and space-worthy gear doors.
Results:
Launch conditions were 46,800 feet and 115 knots and produced a clean separation. First stall entry maneuver resulted in an un-commanded nose rise before reaching the wing stall angle of attack. Lateral/directional controls were used in conjunction with forward stick to effect recovery. This aft-cg stall characteristic was worse than predicted and will likely require aero modifications to fix. The feather entry was not explored and the rest of the glide flight used to assess the handling qualities of the vehicle leading to an uneventful landing. The White Knight's heating system was able to keep the Spaceship's nitrous oxidizer conditioned during climb, such that the maximum N2O pressure variation was less than 6 psi.
Flight 32L / 05G
Date: 27-Aug-03 Flight Time: 1.1 hours /10 mins 30 secs
White Knight Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Bird
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Siebold
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Karkow
Objectives:
Same objectives as the aborted flight 31LC/04GC earlier today. Second glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Flying qualities and performance in the space ship re-entry or "feather" mode. Pilot workload and situational awareness while transitioning and handling qualities assessment when reconfigured. As a glider, stall investigation both at high and low altitude and envelope expansion out to 200 kts and 4 G's. More aggressive, lateral directional characteristics including adverse yaw, roll rate effectiveness and control, including 360 degree aileron roll, and full rudder side slips.
Results:
Clean separation from launch at 48,200 feet and 105 knots, 8 miles north east of Mojave. First maneuver was a full stall, resulting in 70 KEAS at about 19 alpha. Good lateral control at minimum speed with ailerons and even better with rudder allowing timely control of roll-off tendencies. Second maneuver was unlocking the wing and commanding the full feathered mode (65 deg wing/tail jackknife). Transition to the feather mode occurred at 43,000 feet and 90 knots. As the tail booms and aft wing transitioned upward, the vehicle body smoothly pitched up and then returned to an approximately level pitch attitude during about 70 seconds of fully-feathered descent. The pilot noted the expected airframe buffeting and found the ship was very stable at an angle of attack of about 70 degrees. He was able to turn the vehicle both left and right with either rudder or aileron controls. As expected, full pitch control inputs had little effect on the flight path. Average sink rate was greater than 10,000 feet per minute. Reconfiguration back to the normal glider mode occurred at 30,000 feet with a positive wing lock indicated by on-board instrumentation and cameras. Third and forth maneuvers were the airspeed and G envelope expansion which were flown without incident. Fifth maneuver was roll-performance, which resulted in a low amount of adverse yaw but lower roll rates than expected. Three-axis vehicle flight characteristics again showed close correlation to the vehicle simulator. Shifting winds at the field during later stages of the descent allowed the pilot to exercise the avionics' flexibility for landing cuing back to Runway 12 vice the planned runway 30 at Mojave. A smooth touchdown was made ten and a half minutes after launch. The video cameras mounted on the spaceship recorded dramatic views particularly during the unique feather maneuver. Observers in the chase Starship were treated to a closeup bizarre view of the spaceship plunging downward in a rock-stable near vertical feathered descent. First public showings of these videos will be on 26 September at the annual SETP symposium in Los Angeles.
Flight 31LC /04GC
Date: 27-Aug-03 Flight Time: 1.1 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Bird
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Siebold
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Karkow
Objectives:
Second glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Flying qualities and performance in the space ship feather mode. Pilot workload and situational awareness while transitioning and handling qualities assessment when reconfigured. As a glider, deep stall investigation both at high and low altitude and envelope expansion out to 200 kts and 4 G's. Lateral directional characteristics including adverse yaw, roll rate effectiveness and control including aileron roll and full rudder side slips.
Results:
The flight was aborted about 20 minutes before launch, after a GPS navigation malfunction occurred in the SpaceShip avionics system. The mated pair continued to test other systems including Spaceship fuselage heating, then returned for a mated landing.
Flight 30L / 03G
Date: 7-Aug-03 Flight Time: 1.1 hours / 19 minutes
White Knight Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Bird
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
Objectives:
First glide flight of SpaceShipOne.
Results:
The space ship was launched at 47,000 feet and 105 knots, 10 nm east of Mojave. Separation was clean and positive with no tendency to roll off or pitch bobble. An initial handling qualities evaluation was very positive, supported close correlation to the vehicle simulator and with that confidence, the first flight test cards were executed as planned. The flight provided handling quality and performance data over 60% of the expected subsonic flight envelope from stall to 150 knots. Trim sensitivity, stick forces, control harmony and L/D performance were all as expected. The on-board avionics and energy management cueing displays performed flawlessly, the gear extension rapid, and the vehicle made a smooth touchdown at 7:56 local on Runway 30 at Mojave. The entire flight, from launch to landing, was viewable from the ground and SpaceShipOne with its unique planform was intriguing to watch as it cut gracefully through the air and was put through its paces. See photos in the Tier-1 section. A special thanks to Robert Scherer, www.bobscherer.com for his flight test support and his beautiful Starship that provided primary chase for this milestone event.
Flight 29C / 02C
Date: 29-July-03 Flight Time: 2.1 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Bird
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
Objectives:
First manned captive carry flight of SpaceShipOne. A man-in-loop launch rehearsal and inflight checkout of all ship systems including flight controls and propulsion sytem plumbing.
Results:
Complete full up rehearsal for SS1's first glide flight, including airspace, range control, Scaled mission control, data and video TM and high and low chase platforms. Providing high chase was one of Burt Rutan's earlier designs - the StarShip, owned and operated by Robert Sherer. See accompanying photos in the Tier-1 Photo section for the unique formation of the Starship, Spaceship and White Knight. All SpaceShipOne's systems were exercised, including the environmental control, electrical, pneumantic and avionics. Flight control force versus displacement data was obtained to validate simulation modelling and even the space ship's feather control was exercised after cold soak at altitude. All systems performed satisfactorily including nitrous tank heating by WhiteKnight bleed air and the pilot controlled N2O dump valve.
Flight 24C / 01C
Date: 20-May-03 Flight Time: 1.8 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
First captive carry flight with mated White Knight and SpaceShipOne. Vibration and aerodynamic interface assessment. Mated handling qualities evaluation. Envelope expansion to 130 knots / Mach 0.5 above 45,000 feet. Stalls and 2/3-rudder sideslips. SpaceShipOne systems inactive, controls locked and cabin unmanned. Launch system was qualified and functional for this flight.
Results:
Excellent two-ship stability & control throughout the envelope. No interference or vibration issues. Smooth surface flows on SS1 except around rocket nozzle. Two-ship performance was as predicted. Mach .53 was achieved at 48,000 ft. Climb rate at 48,000 ft was 700 ft/min. Envelope was cleared for future manned captive carry and glide flights.
Next flight should be a manned captive carry in which all SpaceShipOne systems (except rocket propulsion) will be tested at altitudes up to 50,000 ft. If successful, the glide flights will follow soon, since the systems preparation and pilot training requirements are the same.
White Knight Flight Test Summaries
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The following list includes summaries of the flight test activity of the White Knight research aircraft. The White Knight is equipped with the same system components as SpaceShipOne (cabin, ECS, pneumatic, avionics, trim servos, electrical, backup air data, test data, video & TM). Thus, the flight test program of the White Knight includes many tests that focus on SpaceShipOne systems qualification and maturity. Flight crews include program pilots Doug Shane, Mike Melvill, Brian Binnie and Pete Siebold, Cory Bird (White Knight project engineer) and Rick Aldrich (crew chief). This list will be updated monthly.
Flight 39
Date: 5-Nov-03 Flight Time: 1.5 hours
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Avionics upgrade evaluation and landing pattern practice.
Results:
Satisfactory GPS-aided INS stability and position keeping through a normal launch and glide flight profile.
Flight 36
Date: 22-Sep-03 Flight Time: 1.7 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Stinemetz
Objectives:
Avionics upgrade evaluation
Results:
Satisfactory GPS-aided INS stability and position keeping through a normal launch and glide flight profile.
Flight 35
Date: 19-Sep-03 Flight Time: 2.1 hours
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Binnie
White Knight Flt Engineer: Nichols
Objectives:
SpaceShipOne approach and landing profile review
Results:
Evaluated a variety of different profiles to assess ease of set-up, forgiveness to off normal starts and pilot situation awareness during the approach.
Flight 34
Date: 18-Sep-03 Flight Time: 2.7 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Melvill
White Knight Flt Engineer: Alsbury
Objectives:
SpaceShipOne approach and landing profile review
Results:
Evaluated a variety of different profiles to assess ease of set-up, forgiveness to off normal starts and pilot SA during the approach.
Flight 33
Date: 11-Sep-03 Flight Time: 2.7 hours
White Knight Pilot: Melvill White Knight Copilot: Binnie
White Knight Flt Engineer: Tighe
Objectives:
SpaceShipOne approach and landing profile review
Results:
Evaluated a variety of different profiles to assess ease of set-up, forgiveness to off normal starts and pilot SA during the approach.
Flight 28
Date: 11-Jul-03 Flight Time: 0.5 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Binnie Flight Engineer: Losey
Objectives:
Pilot proficiency. First flight for SpaceShipOne crew chief.
Results:
Made several practice SpaceshipOne approaches using various configurations and runways. Good exposure for SS1 crewchief Steve Losey on cockpit workload / crew coordination / cabin environment and human factors for Tier-1 mission.
Flight 27
Date: 11-Jul-03 Flight Time: 0.7 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold Flight Engineer: Stinemetze
Objectives:
Pilot proficiency. First flight for SpaceShipOne lead engineer.
Results:
Made several simulated captive carry low sink rate landings as well as practice SpaceshipOne approaches to various runways. Good exposure for Matt Stinemetze on cockpit workload / crew coordination / cabin environment and human factors for Tier-1 mission
Flight 26
Date: 11-Jul-03 Flight Time: 2.0 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie Flight Engineer: Rutan
Objectives:
First glide flight profile rehearsal / two ship checklist flow / airspace coordination / Command and Control responsibilities and handoffs. First flight for Burt in the White Knight.
Results:
Exercised all current checklists and SpaceShipOne first flight test cards. Simulated emergencies handled successfully. Good exposure for Burt on cockpit workload / crew coordination / cabin environment and human factors for Tier-1 mission. Flew eleven practice SpaceShipOne approaches from above high key, three with simulated failed avionics and some with other emergencies and runway changes. All were successful.
Flight 25
Date: 3-Jul-03 Flight Time: 2.2 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
First glide flight profile rehearsal / two ship checklist flow / airspace coordination / Command and Control responsibilities and handoffs.
Results:
Good exercise of all involved parties and agencies including the Edwards air Force Base, Joshua Control and Scaled Composites, Utility Mobile ground station.
Flight 23
Date: 2-May-03 Flight Time: 2.3 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Rick Aldrich
Objectives:
Engine performance at altitude. New pilot masks and ECS airflow routing. Regulated bleed air control of the aft cabin temperature (to test the capability to heat SpaceShipOne's nitrous oxidizer. Appraisal of new traffic alert system.
Results:
Engines showed much improved performance up to 50,000 feet. ECS changes confirmed to assure clear windows for landing. Successful bleed air heating test: good control and sufficient energy for SS1 propellant heating.
Flight 22
Date: 26-Apr-03 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Airshow for the 'friends and family' unveiling
Results:
Good show for 1000+ guests. Broadcast media included CNN, ABC, PBS, Tech TV, Discovery & National Geographic TV.
Flight 21
Date: 18-Apr-03 Flight Time: 0.2 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Formal media rollout
Results:
Good show for the VIP/media audience
Flight 20
Date: 15-Apr-03 Flight Time: 0.7 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Repeat airshow maneuver practice
Results:
Minor tweaks to refine the airshow demonstration maneuvers.
Flight 19
Date: 15-Apr-03 Flight Time: 1.2 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Airshow maneuver practice. First flight with Spaceship launch system installed.
Results:
Satisfactory airshow results for various wind conditions. Launch system satisfactory.
Flight 18
Date: 7-Mar-03 Flight Time: 3.3 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Cory Bird
Objectives:
Revised ECS configuration evaluation. Multiple SFO (simulated flame out) approaches to assess updated flight director steering cues.
Results:
New ECS configuration results encouraging. Engines returned to depot facility for second overhaul repair.
Flight 17
Date: 24-Feb-03 Flight Time: 2.8 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Melvill
Objectives:
Evaluate performance of updated engines. Measure effect of new canted wingtips. Test new landing gear doors and upgraded INS hardware.
Results:
New and different engine irregularities at highest altitudes. Further mods are needed for adequate ECS humidity control. Canted wingtips solved the dihedral effect problem. No flying qualities issues remain.
Flight 16
Date: 12-Nov-02 Flight Time: 2.0 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
Continued engine, ECS and avionics evaluation. Simulated wheel brake failure landing rollout.
Results:
Conclusion: aircraft can be landed at MHV if a wheel brake fails. More engine irregularities at high altitude. Engines removed and sent to test cell for fuel control calibration and adjustments.
Flight 15
Date: 6-Nov-03 Flight Time: 2.4 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Continued engine, ECS and avionics evaluation. High-rate nose wheel steering assessment.
Results:
Difficulty maintaining afterburner on left engine near 50,000 feet. Improved ECS configuration showed improved resistance to fogging. Nose wheel steering gearing change about the same.
Flight 14
Date: 24-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
FAA-monitored flight for pilot "Type Rating".
Results:
Rating issued
Flight 13
Date: 24-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
FAA-monitored flight for pilot "Type Rating".
Results:
Rating issued
Flight 12
Date: 24-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
FAA-monitored flight for pilot "Type Rating".
Results:
Rating issued
Flight 11
Date: 24-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Melvill
Objectives:
FAA-monitored flight for pilot "Type Rating".
Results:
Rating issued
Flight 10
Date: 17-Oct-02 Flight Time: 1.1 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
SpaceshipOne boost profile and steering capture practice. Simulated SS1 glide approaches.
Results:
SS1 simulation good up to at least ~ 70 degree flight path angle.
Flight 9
Date: 17-Oct-02 Flight Time: 2.2 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
Boost phase pilot training. Formation flying and air-to-air photography with the Proteus aircraft.
Results:
Adequate visibility and satisfactory flying qualities for formation flying. A photo from this flight later appeared on the cover of Aviation Week (21Apr03 issue).
Flight 8
Date: 16-Oct-02 Flight Time: 1.6 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Envelope expansion above 50,000 feet and 0.55M. Avionics software upgrade. Practice SpaceShipOne glide approaches
Results:
Climbed to 53,000 feet and 0.53M in Military power. Cleared the full required envelope needed for SpaceShipOne launch operations. Flying qualities at highest altitude are satisfactory and will not require dampers. Window fogging not an issue until the cabin was depressurized at 10,000 feet.
Flight 7
Date: 10-Oct-02 Flight Time: 3.0 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Completion of Flight 6 objectives. Airspeed and altitude envelope expansion, 45,000 feet / 160 knots / 0.5M
Results:
No structural damping issues found. Engine operation satisfactory. Some window fogging on descent. Some degradation of pneumatic actuators due to cold soaking. Insufficient dihedral effect at high speed/high altitude.
Flight 6
Date: 09-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.9 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Evaluate rudder mass balance modifications. Effectiveness of engine bleed air heating of the fuselage aft of the cabin (first test of SpaceShipOne Nitrous heating system).
Results:
Rudder vibration problem resolved. Flight cut short due to suspected over-temp of aft cabin bulkhead from engine bleed air.
Flight 5
Date: 06-Sep-02 Flight Time: 2.0 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
New pilot qual eval. Envelope expansion out to 45,000 feet and 160 knots / 0.5M. Practice SpaceShipOne glide approaches. Effectiveness of new tail vortex generators and clipped outboard speed brakes.
Results:
The new VGs eliminated the high-altitude rudder dead-band. Encountered undamped rudder vibration at 25,000 feet and 160 knots during flutter envelope expansion. Engine flameout at 45,000 feet. Un-safe main gear indication for landing (a microswitch adjustment). Clipped otbd speed brake showed no change.
Flight 4
Date: 27-Aug-02 Flight Time: 2.5 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
New pilot qual eval. Envelope expansion out to 35,000 feet and 150 knots / 0.4M and 3 G's. Engine relight performance. Avionics software upgrade.
Results:
Experienced a rudder dead-band (poor centering) at the higher altitudes. Dihedral effect is neutral at higher speeds. Window fogging on descent. Numerous flight director attitude display resets.
Flight 3
Date: 19-Aug-02 Flight Time: 2.8 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
New pilot qual eval. Envelope expansion out to 25,000 feet and 150 knots. First flight with the cabin pressurized for environmental control system tests .
Results:
Satisfactory handling and performance. Buffet barriers determined for inboard and outboard speed brakes. Significant window fogging experienced after cold soak at altitude.
Flight 2
Date: 05-Aug-02 Flight Time: 1.5 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
First flight test card repeat. Flying qualities assessment and basic performance evaluation. Avionics and pneumatic systems evaluation. Cabin un-pressurized.
Results:
Envelope expansion to 15,000 feet and 140 knots. Overall satisfactory stability, good control harmony and impressive performance. Heavy airframe buffet at high speeds with both sets of speed brakes deployed. "Best airplane the company has ever built"
Flight 1
Date: 01-Aug-02 Flight Time: 0.2 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
First flight. Handling qualities assessment and basic performance evaluation. Systems evaluation. Cabin un-pressurized.
Results:
Un-commanded hammering auxiliary spoiler deployments after takeoff. Flight aborted to downwind for an uneventful landing. No apparent flying qualities issues noted. Auxiliary spoilers were disabled for future flights.
SpaceShipOne Ground Test
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The ground test program for SpaceShipOne, including rocket propulsion integration, has been active since the summer of 02. As of May 03, SpaceShipOne had completed most structural tests and systems qualification tests. Tests remaining to qualify the ship for glide testing are cabin pressure proof tests, some control system proof tests, additional landing gear functional tests and the GVT program. The following includes tests after mid May 03, and will be updated monthly.
Date: 8 - 21 Oct 2003 Horizontal Tail Modification Aerodynamic Tests
Objectives:
SpaceShipOne, being the first manned winged aircraft with outboard horizontal tails, is a bit of a pioneer. The outboard tail operating in an upwash flow-field, is significantly more effective than a conventional tail. However, its span traverses the main wing's tip vortex and thus sees a non-uniform angle of attack. Our CFD analysis was not complete enough to predict the tail's airflow separation, which led to the nose rise departure during aft-cg stall testing (Flight # 37L / 06G). In response, Scaled conducted full-scale "wind tunnel" tests of the SS1 boom-tail using a modified Ford-250 pickup truck to provide the necessary flow field. A couple pictures of the test set-up is shown in the "photos" section. The purpose of these tests was to examine various changes to SpaceShipOne's tail assembly to provide for better horizontal tail lift and tail lift-slope characteristics.
Results:
The testing conducted from 8 to 21 October successfully validated several aerodynamic fixes to solve the tail stall problem. The fixes were first flown on Flight 38L / 07G.
Date: 14-24 July 2003 System Tests
Objectives:
System level qualification tests for several subsystems
Results:
Completed landing gear qualification tests, brake tests and low speed taxi tests. Required changing the nose skid material to prevent excessive wear. Finalized cabin proof pressure test and leak rate tests. Completed structural load tests of the horizontal stabilizer, flight control system and feather mechanism.
Date: 24 Jun - 09 Jul 03 System Tests
Objectives:
To ensure the as-built systems meet the vehicle design requirements
Results:
Landing gear functional tests completed. Flight control system and structural qualification tests completed. Flight test data calibrations completed.
Date: 21-23 May 03 Ground Vibration Testing (flutter qualification)
Objectives:
To update the stiffness and mass distributions of the SpaceShipOne structural model so the analytical predictions match the actual vehicle frequency and modal response to a series of different forced vibrations. Since most flutter issues are critical for the rocket-powered flight tests, a rocket motor CTN was installed in SpaceShipOne for the GVT shake testing. The motor was one that had been fired for 15 seconds so its remaining fuel mass best represented that for the max-q portion of the boost flight.
Results:
The entire ship was hung on springs for the tests. The shakes were completed on schedule. The flutter analysis is in-work.
Rocket Motor Ground Tests
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The rocket motor main components, the composite nitrous oxidizer tank and CTN (unitized motor case/throat/nozzle) have been in development at scaled since mid 2001. Those components passed their qualification tests by late 2002. The other motor components (controller, valve, injector, aft bulkhead, head insulation, ignition system and fuel) are being developed and tested by two competing subcontractors. The two companies are eAc and SpaceDev .
Due to the competitive nature of the current rocket ground test program, test details cannot be divulged. After vendor selection we may be able to provide additional details about the rocket ground firings. The following are the dates of the full-scale motor firing events. This list does not include sub-scale or cold flow tests. All these tests have used full-scale, flight-article components, mounted on our mobile rocket motor test stand. The test stand uses the same tank, CTN and adjacent structure as SpaceShipOne.
VENDOR
DATE OF TEST
INFORMATION
SpaceDev
21 Nov 02
eAc
16 Jan 03
eAc
22 Feb 03
SpaceDev
12 Mar 03
SpaceDev
19 Mar 03
eAc
22 Mar 03
SpaceDev
03 June 03
eAc
19 June 03
eAc
24 July 03
full-duration
SpaceDev
31 July 03
full-duration
eAc
4 Sept 03
full-duration
SpaceDev
18 Nov 03
Flight motor qualification run. A ground test to validate the first two planned powered flights of SpaceShipOne. All performance requirements and safety limits were met.
Combined White Knight / SpaceShipOne Flight Tests
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Combined Flight Test Legend:
C = Captive Carry
L = Launch
G = Glide
P = Powered
The first letter represents the intended mission for the flight and the second letter, if present, represents the actual mission flown. For example, first glide will for the space ship will be 03G. If the flight aborts or doesn't release for whatever reason, the nomenclature becomes 03GC.
Flight 49L / 12G
Date: 11 MAR 04 Flight Time: 1.3 hours / 18 mins 30 secs
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Stinemetze
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Siebold
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Extra Pilot: Melvill / Coleman
Objectives:
The twelfth flight of SpaceShipOne. Objectives included: pilot proficiency, reaction control system functionality check and stability and control and performance of the vehicle with the airframe thermal protection system installed. This was an unpowered glide test.
Results:
Slashdot's editors are facists.
Launch conditions were 48,500 feet and 125 knots. All systems performed as expected and the vehicle landed successfully while demonstrating the maximum cross wind landing capability.
Flight 43L / 11P
Date: 17 Dec 03 Flight Time: 1.2 hours / 18 mins 10 secs
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Bird
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Binnie
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Extra Pilot: Melvill / Coleman
Objectives:
The eighth flight of SpaceShipOne and first powered flight. 15 second burn of the rocket motor and supersonic flight. Motor light off at altitude and inflight engine performance. Vehicle handling qualities through transonics and feather performance from altitude.
Results:
Launch conditions were 47,900 feet and 112 knots. Motor light off was achieved at 44,400 feet and 0.55M. Burnout occurred at 1.2M and apogee was 67,800 feet. There was no noted flight control flutter or buzz during the climb. Feather recovery exhibited a +/-30 roll initially and then settled down into the familiar falling bathtub mode. The wing was de-feathered and locked by 35,000 feet. A nominal landing pattern was flown but touchdown caused the left main gear to collapse and the vehicle rolled to a stop off the runway in the soft sand. Although the damage was not major, repairs are expected to take approximately three weeks to complete.
Flight 42L / 10g
Date: 4 Dec 03 Flight Time: 1.3 hours / 13 mins 14 secs
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Stinemetz
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Binnie
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Extra Pilot: Melvill / Coleman
Objectives:
The seventh glide flight of SpaceShipOne and new pilot check out. Full functional check of the propulsion system by cold flowing nitrous oxide. Completed airspeed and positive and negative G-envelope expansion.
Results:
Launch conditions were 48,400 feet and 115 knots. All propulsion components, displays and functionality performed as designed. The feather was extended after a 4G pull-up to the vertical at 24,500 feet and rudder used to induce sideslip and yaw rates while "going-over-the-top". The vehicle recovered to a stable attitude and descent after only a single oscillation. The landing pattern was flown following established procedures resulting in a satisfactory touchdown.
Flight 41L/09G
Date: 19-Nov-03 Flight Time: 2.1 hours / 12 mins 25 secs
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Bird
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Siebold
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Coleman / Stinemetze
Objectives:
The sixth glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Test pilot Mike Melvill's first flight with the enlarged tails. Emergency aft CG handling qualities eval and simulated landing exercise with the new tail configuration. Airspeed and G envelop expansion and dynamic feather evaluation.
Results:
Launch conditions were 48,300 feet and 115 knots. Satisfactory vehicle handling characteristics at the emergency CG limit. Melvill reported improved stability, improved control powers and improved stick forces throughout the flight profile. The feather was extended after a 3G pull-up to the vertical at 30,000 feet. The vehicle recovered to a stable attitude and descent after a few mild oscillations. The landing pattern was flown at a higher airspeed than previous flights which allowed for a more controlled flare and landing at the nominal touchdown point.
Flight 40L/08G
Date: 14-Nov-03 Flight Time: 1.4 hours / 19 mins 55 secs
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Stinemetze
White Knight Flt Engineer:
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Siebold
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Melvill/ Coleman
Objectives:
The fifth glide flight of SpaceShipOne. New pilot checkout flight. Stability and control testing with the new extended horizontal tails. Tests included stall performance at aft limit CG and evaluation of the increased pitch and roll control authority. Other objectives included additional testing of the motor controller (MCS) and handling qualities in feathered flight.
Results:
Launch conditions were 47,300 feet and 115 knots. Satisfactory stability and control at aft limit CG. A notable improvement in control power, particularly in roll. Handling qualities into and out of feather remained excellent with good nose pointing ability. Adjusted landing pattern altitudes resulted in a touchdown at the targeted runway aim-point.
Flight 38L/07G
Date: 17-Oct-03 Flight Time: 1.1 hours/ 17 mins 49 secs
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Bird
White Knight Flt Engineer: Moore
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Binnie
Low Chase-Extra Pilot: Coleman
Objectives:
Fourth glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Primary purpose was to examine the effects of horizontal tail modifications at both forward and mid-range CG locations (obtained by dumping water from an aft ballast tank between test points). The tail modifications included a fixed strake bonded to the tail boom in front of the stabilator and a span-wise flow fence mounted on the leading edge of each stab at mid-span. (See the write up under the SPACESHIPONE GROUND TEST section that describes our Ford-250 wind tunnel which was used to help derive the current flight configuration). Other test objectives included a functional check of the rocket motor controller, ARM, FIRE and safing switches as well as the oxidizer dump valve. Additional planned maneuvers included full rudder pedal sideslips and more aggressive nose pointing while in the feathered configuration.
Results:
Launch conditions were 46,200 feet and 115 knots and produced a clean separation. The tail performance was examined by flying "longitudinal stability" points between stall and 130 knots and showed considerable improvement of the airfoil's lift coefficient as well as its post stall characteristics. No vehicle pitch up tendency was noted as the main wing now stalls first. Real time video of the tufted tails fed back down to mission control helped considerably in assessing the performance of these aerodynamic improvements. More aggressive maneuvering in the feather made it evident that the pilot could readily point the vehicle's nose where desired and all rocket motor functionality tests were satisfactory.
Flight 37L / 06G
Date: 23-Sep-03 Flight Time: 1.5 hours / 12 mins 15 secs
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Stinemetz
White Knight Flt Engineer: Johnson
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Karkow
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Third glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Aft CG flying qualities and performance evaluation of the space ship in both the glide and re-entry or "feather" mode. Glide envelope expansion to 95% airspeed, 100% alpha and beta and 70% loadfactor. More aggressive post stall maneuvering and spin control as a glider and while feathered. Nitrous temperature control during climb to altitude and performance of upgraded landing gear extension mechanism and space-worthy gear doors.
Results:
Launch conditions were 46,800 feet and 115 knots and produced a clean separation. First stall entry maneuver resulted in an un-commanded nose rise before reaching the wing stall angle of attack. Lateral/directional controls were used in conjunction with forward stick to effect recovery. This aft-cg stall characteristic was worse than predicted and will likely require aero modifications to fix. The feather entry was not explored and the rest of the glide flight used to assess the handling qualities of the vehicle leading to an uneventful landing. The White Knight's heating system was able to keep the Spaceship's nitrous oxidizer conditioned during climb, such that the maximum N2O pressure variation was less than 6 psi.
Flight 32L / 05G
Date: 27-Aug-03 Flight Time: 1.1 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Bird
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Siebold
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Karkow
Objectives:
Same objectives as the aborted flight 31LC/04GC earlier today. Second glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Flying qualities and performance in the space ship re-entry or "feather" mode. Pilot workload and situational awareness while transitioning and handling qualities assessment when reconfigured. As a glider, stall investigation both at high and low altitude and envelope expansion out to 200 kts and 4 G's. More aggressive, lateral directional characteristics including adverse yaw, roll rate effectiveness and control, including 360 degree aileron roll, and full rudder side slips.
Results:
Clean separation from launch at 48,200 feet and 105 knots, 8 miles north east of Mojave. First maneuver was a full stall, resulting in 70 KEAS at about 19 alpha. Good lateral control at minimum speed with ailerons and even better with rudder allowing timely control of roll-off tendencies. Second maneuver was unlocking the wing and commanding the full feathered mode (65 deg wing/tail jackknife). Transition to the feather mode occurred at 43,000 feet and 90 knots. As the tail booms and aft wing transitioned upward, the vehicle body smoothly pitched up and then returned to an approximately level pitch attitude during about 70 seconds of fully-feathered descent. The pilot noted the expected airframe buffeting and found the ship was very stable at an angle of attack of about 70 degrees. He was able to turn the vehicle both left and right with either rudder or aileron controls. As expected, full pitch control inputs had little effect on the flight path. Average sink rate was greater than 10,000 feet per minute. Reconfiguration back to the normal glider mode occurred at 30,000 feet with a positive wing lock indicated by on-board instrumentation and cameras. Third and forth maneuvers were the airspeed and G envelope expansion which were flown without incident. Fifth maneuver was roll-performance, which resulted in a low amount of adverse yaw but lower roll rates than expected. Three-axis vehicle flight characteristics again showed close correlation to the vehicle simulator. Shifting winds at the field during later stages of the descent allowed the pilot to exercise the avionics' flexibility for landing cuing back to Runway 12 vice the planned runway 30 at Mojave. A smooth touchdown was made ten and a half minutes after launch. The video cameras mounted on the spaceship recorded dramatic views particularly during the unique feather maneuver. Observers in the chase Starship were treated to a closeup bizarre view of the spaceship plunging downward in a rock-stable near vertical feathered descent. First public showings of these videos will be on 26 September at the annual SETP symposium in Los Angeles.
Flight 31LC
Date: 27-Aug-03 Flight Time: 1.1 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Bird
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
High Chase-Starship Pilot: Siebold
Low Chase-Duchess Pilot: Karkow
Objectives:
Second glide flight of SpaceShipOne. Flying qualities and performance in the space ship feather mode. Pilot workload and situational awareness while transitioning and handling qualities assessment when reconfigured. As a glider, deep stall investigation both at high and low altitude and envelope expansion out to 200 kts and 4 G's. Lateral directional characteristics including adverse yaw, roll rate effectiveness and control including aileron roll and full rudder side slips.
Results:
The flight was aborted about 20 minutes before launch, after a GPS navigation malfunction occurred in the SpaceShip avionics system. The mated pair continued to test other systems including Spaceship fuselage heating, then returned for a mated landing.
Flight 30L / 03G
Date: 7-Aug-03 Flight Time: 1.1 hours / 19 minutes
White Knight Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Bird
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
Objectives:
First glide flight of SpaceShipOne.
Results:
The space ship was launched at 47,000 feet and 105 knots, 10 nm east of Mojave. Separation was clean and positive with no tendency to roll off or pitch bobble. An initial handling qualities evaluation was very positive, supported close correlation to the vehicle simulator and with that confidence, the first flight test cards were executed as planned. The flight provided handling quality and performance data over 60% of the expected subsonic flight envelope from stall to 150 knots. Trim sensitivity, stick forces, control harmony and L/D performance were all as expected. The on-board avionics and energy management cueing displays performed flawlessly, the gear extension rapid, and the vehicle made a smooth touchdown at 7:56 local on Runway 30 at Mojave. The entire flight, from launch to landing, was viewable from the ground and SpaceShipOne with its unique planform was intriguing to watch as it cut gracefully through the air and was put through its paces. See photos in the Tier-1 section. A special thanks to Robert Scherer, www.bobscherer.com for his flight test support and his beautiful Starship that provided primary chase for this milestone event.
Flight 29C / 02C
Date: 29-July-03 Flight Time: 2.1 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Bird
SpaceShipOne Pilot: Melvill
Objectives:
First manned captive carry flight of SpaceShipOne. A man-in-loop launch rehearsal and inflight checkout of all ship systems including flight controls and propulsion sytem plumbing.
Results:
Complete full up rehearsal for SS1's first glide flight, including airspace, range control, Scaled mission control, data and video TM and high and low chase platforms. Providing high chase was one of Burt Rutan's earlier designs - the StarShip, owned and operated by Robert Sherer. See accompanying photos in the Tier-1 Photo section for the unique formation of the Starship, Spaceship and White Knight. All SpaceShipOne's systems were exercised, including the environmental control, electrical, pneumantic and avionics. Flight control force versus displacement data was obtained to validate simulation modelling and even the space ship's feather control was exercised after cold soak at altitude. All systems performed satisfactorily including nitrous tank heating by WhiteKnight bleed air and the pilot controlled N2O dump valve.
Flight 24C / 01C
Date: 20-May-03 Flight Time: 1.8 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
First captive carry flight with mated White Knight and SpaceShipOne. Vibration and aerodynamic interface assessment. Mated handling qualities evaluation. Envelope expansion to 130 knots / Mach 0.5 above 45,000 feet. Stalls and 2/3-rudder sideslips. SpaceShipOne systems inactive, controls locked and cabin unmanned. Launch system was qualified and functional for this flight.
Results:
Excellent two-ship stability & control throughout the envelope. No interference or vibration issues. Smooth surface flows on SS1 except around rocket nozzle. Two-ship performance was as predicted. Mach
Next flight should be a manned captive carry in which all SpaceShipOne systems (except rocket propulsion) will be tested at altitudes up to 50,000 ft. If successful, the glide flights will follow soon, since the systems preparation and pilot training requirements are the same.
White Knight Flight Test Summaries
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The following list includes summaries of the flight test activity of the White Knight research aircraft. The White Knight is equipped with the same system components as SpaceShipOne (cabin, ECS, pneumatic, avionics, trim servos, electrical, backup air data, test data, video & TM). Thus, the flight test program of the White Knight includes many tests that focus on SpaceShipOne systems qualification and maturity. Flight crews include program pilots Doug Shane, Mike Melvill, Brian Binnie and Pete Siebold, Cory Bird (White Knight project engineer) and Rick Aldrich (crew chief). This list will be updated monthly.
Flight 39
Date: 5-Nov-03 Flight Time: 1.5 hours
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Avionics upgrade evaluation and landing pattern practice.
Results:
Satisfactory GPS-aided INS stability and position keeping through a normal launch and glide flight profile.
Flight 36
Date: 22-Sep-03 Flight Time: 1.7 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Stinemetz
Objectives:
Avionics upgrade evaluation
Results:
Satisfactory GPS-aided INS stability and position keeping through a normal launch and glide flight profile.
Flight 35
Date: 19-Sep-03 Flight Time: 2.1 hours
White Knight Pilot: Siebold White Knight Copilot: Binnie
White Knight Flt Engineer: Nichols
Objectives:
SpaceShipOne approach and landing profile review
Results:
Evaluated a variety of different profiles to assess ease of set-up, forgiveness to off normal starts and pilot situation awareness during the approach.
Flight 34
Date: 18-Sep-03 Flight Time: 2.7 hours
White Knight Pilot: Binnie White Knight Copilot: Melvill
White Knight Flt Engineer: Alsbury
Objectives:
SpaceShipOne approach and landing profile review
Results:
Evaluated a variety of different profiles to assess ease of set-up, forgiveness to off normal starts and pilot SA during the approach.
Flight 33
Date: 11-Sep-03 Flight Time: 2.7 hours
White Knight Pilot: Melvill White Knight Copilot: Binnie
White Knight Flt Engineer: Tighe
Objectives:
SpaceShipOne approach and landing profile review
Results:
Evaluated a variety of different profiles to assess ease of set-up, forgiveness to off normal starts and pilot SA during the approach.
Flight 28
Date: 11-Jul-03 Flight Time: 0.5 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Binnie Flight Engineer: Losey
Objectives:
Pilot proficiency. First flight for SpaceShipOne crew chief.
Results:
Made several practice SpaceshipOne approaches using various configurations and runways. Good exposure for SS1 crewchief Steve Losey on cockpit workload / crew coordination / cabin environment and human factors for Tier-1 mission.
Flight 27
Date: 11-Jul-03 Flight Time: 0.7 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold Flight Engineer: Stinemetze
Objectives:
Pilot proficiency. First flight for SpaceShipOne lead engineer.
Results:
Made several simulated captive carry low sink rate landings as well as practice SpaceshipOne approaches to various runways. Good exposure for Matt Stinemetze on cockpit workload / crew coordination / cabin environment and human factors for Tier-1 mission
Flight 26
Date: 11-Jul-03 Flight Time: 2.0 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie Flight Engineer: Rutan
Objectives:
First glide flight profile rehearsal / two ship checklist flow / airspace coordination / Command and Control responsibilities and handoffs. First flight for Burt in the White Knight.
Results:
Exercised all current checklists and SpaceShipOne first flight test cards. Simulated emergencies handled successfully. Good exposure for Burt on cockpit workload / crew coordination / cabin environment and human factors for Tier-1 mission. Flew eleven practice SpaceShipOne approaches from above high key, three with simulated failed avionics and some with other emergencies and runway changes. All were successful.
Flight 25
Date: 3-Jul-03 Flight Time: 2.2 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
First glide flight profile rehearsal / two ship checklist flow / airspace coordination / Command and Control responsibilities and handoffs.
Results:
Good exercise of all involved parties and agencies including the Edwards air Force Base, Joshua Control and Scaled Composites, Utility Mobile ground station.
Flight 23
Date: 2-May-03 Flight Time: 2.3 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Rick Aldrich
Objectives:
Engine performance at altitude. New pilot masks and ECS airflow routing. Regulated bleed air control of the aft cabin temperature (to test the capability to heat SpaceShipOne's nitrous oxidizer. Appraisal of new traffic alert system.
Results:
Engines showed much improved performance up to 50,000 feet. ECS changes confirmed to assure clear windows for landing. Successful bleed air heating test: good control and sufficient energy for SS1 propellant heating.
Flight 22
Date: 26-Apr-03 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Airshow for the 'friends and family' unveiling
Results:
Good show for 1000+ guests. Broadcast media included CNN, ABC, PBS, Tech TV, Discovery & National Geographic TV.
Flight 21
Date: 18-Apr-03 Flight Time: 0.2 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Formal media rollout
Results:
Good show for the VIP/media audience
Flight 20
Date: 15-Apr-03 Flight Time: 0.7 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Repeat airshow maneuver practice
Results:
Minor tweaks to refine the airshow demonstration maneuvers.
Flight 19
Date: 15-Apr-03 Flight Time: 1.2 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Airshow maneuver practice. First flight with Spaceship launch system installed.
Results:
Satisfactory airshow results for various wind conditions. Launch system satisfactory.
Flight 18
Date: 7-Mar-03 Flight Time: 3.3 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Cory Bird
Objectives:
Revised ECS configuration evaluation. Multiple SFO (simulated flame out) approaches to assess updated flight director steering cues.
Results:
New ECS configuration results encouraging. Engines returned to depot facility for second overhaul repair.
Flight 17
Date: 24-Feb-03 Flight Time: 2.8 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Melvill
Objectives:
Evaluate performance of updated engines. Measure effect of new canted wingtips. Test new landing gear doors and upgraded INS hardware.
Results:
New and different engine irregularities at highest altitudes. Further mods are needed for adequate ECS humidity control. Canted wingtips solved the dihedral effect problem. No flying qualities issues remain.
Flight 16
Date: 12-Nov-02 Flight Time: 2.0 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
Continued engine, ECS and avionics evaluation. Simulated wheel brake failure landing rollout.
Results:
Conclusion: aircraft can be landed at MHV if a wheel brake fails. More engine irregularities at high altitude. Engines removed and sent to test cell for fuel control calibration and adjustments.
Flight 15
Date: 6-Nov-03 Flight Time: 2.4 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Continued engine, ECS and avionics evaluation. High-rate nose wheel steering assessment.
Results:
Difficulty maintaining afterburner on left engine near 50,000 feet. Improved ECS configuration showed improved resistance to fogging. Nose wheel steering gearing change about the same.
Flight 14
Date: 24-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
FAA-monitored flight for pilot "Type Rating".
Results:
Rating issued
Flight 13
Date: 24-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
FAA-monitored flight for pilot "Type Rating".
Results:
Rating issued
Flight 12
Date: 24-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
FAA-monitored flight for pilot "Type Rating".
Results:
Rating issued
Flight 11
Date: 24-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.3 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Melvill
Objectives:
FAA-monitored flight for pilot "Type Rating".
Results:
Rating issued
Flight 10
Date: 17-Oct-02 Flight Time: 1.1 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
SpaceshipOne boost profile and steering capture practice. Simulated SS1 glide approaches.
Results:
SS1 simulation good up to at least ~ 70 degree flight path angle.
Flight 9
Date: 17-Oct-02 Flight Time: 2.2 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
Boost phase pilot training. Formation flying and air-to-air photography with the Proteus aircraft.
Results:
Adequate visibility and satisfactory flying qualities for formation flying. A photo from this flight later appeared on the cover of Aviation Week (21Apr03 issue).
Flight 8
Date: 16-Oct-02 Flight Time: 1.6 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Envelope expansion above 50,000 feet and 0.55M. Avionics software upgrade. Practice SpaceShipOne glide approaches
Results:
Climbed to 53,000 feet and 0.53M in Military power. Cleared the full required envelope needed for SpaceShipOne launch operations. Flying qualities at highest altitude are satisfactory and will not require dampers. Window fogging not an issue until the cabin was depressurized at 10,000 feet.
Flight 7
Date: 10-Oct-02 Flight Time: 3.0 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Completion of Flight 6 objectives. Airspeed and altitude envelope expansion, 45,000 feet / 160 knots / 0.5M
Results:
No structural damping issues found. Engine operation satisfactory. Some window fogging on descent. Some degradation of pneumatic actuators due to cold soaking. Insufficient dihedral effect at high speed/high altitude.
Flight 6
Date: 09-Oct-02 Flight Time: 0.9 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Binnie
Objectives:
Evaluate rudder mass balance modifications. Effectiveness of engine bleed air heating of the fuselage aft of the cabin (first test of SpaceShipOne Nitrous heating system).
Results:
Rudder vibration problem resolved. Flight cut short due to suspected over-temp of aft cabin bulkhead from engine bleed air.
Flight 5
Date: 06-Sep-02 Flight Time: 2.0 hours
Pilot: Binnie Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
New pilot qual eval. Envelope expansion out to 45,000 feet and 160 knots / 0.5M. Practice SpaceShipOne glide approaches. Effectiveness of new tail vortex generators and clipped outboard speed brakes.
Results:
The new VGs eliminated the high-altitude rudder dead-band. Encountered undamped rudder vibration at 25,000 feet and 160 knots during flutter envelope expansion. Engine flameout at 45,000 feet. Un-safe main gear indication for landing (a microswitch adjustment). Clipped otbd speed brake showed no change.
Flight 4
Date: 27-Aug-02 Flight Time: 2.5 hours
Pilot: Siebold Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
New pilot qual eval. Envelope expansion out to 35,000 feet and 150 knots / 0.4M and 3 G's. Engine relight performance. Avionics software upgrade.
Results:
Experienced a rudder dead-band (poor centering) at the higher altitudes. Dihedral effect is neutral at higher speeds. Window fogging on descent. Numerous flight director attitude display resets.
Flight 3
Date: 19-Aug-02 Flight Time: 2.8 hours
Pilot: Melvill Copilot: Shane
Objectives:
New pilot qual eval. Envelope expansion out to 25,000 feet and 150 knots. First flight with the cabin pressurized for environmental control system tests
Results:
Satisfactory handling and performance. Buffet barriers determined for inboard and outboard speed brakes. Significant window fogging experienced after cold soak at altitude.
Flight 2
Date: 05-Aug-02 Flight Time: 1.5 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
First flight test card repeat. Flying qualities assessment and basic performance evaluation. Avionics and pneumatic systems evaluation. Cabin un-pressurized.
Results:
Envelope expansion to 15,000 feet and 140 knots. Overall satisfactory stability, good control harmony and impressive performance. Heavy airframe buffet at high speeds with both sets of speed brakes deployed. "Best airplane the company has ever built"
Flight 1
Date: 01-Aug-02 Flight Time: 0.2 hours
Pilot: Shane Copilot: Siebold
Objectives:
First flight. Handling qualities assessment and basic performance evaluation. Systems evaluation. Cabin un-pressurized.
Results:
Un-commanded hammering auxiliary spoiler deployments after takeoff. Flight aborted to downwind for an uneventful landing. No apparent flying qualities issues noted. Auxiliary spoilers were disabled for future flights.
SpaceShipOne Ground Test
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The ground test program for SpaceShipOne, including rocket propulsion integration, has been active since the summer of 02. As of May 03, SpaceShipOne had completed most structural tests and systems qualification tests. Tests remaining to qualify the ship for glide testing are cabin pressure proof tests, some control system proof tests, additional landing gear functional tests and the GVT program. The following includes tests after mid May 03, and will be updated monthly.
Date: 8 - 21 Oct 2003 Horizontal Tail Modification Aerodynamic Tests
Objectives:
SpaceShipOne, being the first manned winged aircraft with outboard horizontal tails, is a bit of a pioneer. The outboard tail operating in an upwash flow-field, is significantly more effective than a conventional tail. However, its span traverses the main wing's tip vortex and thus sees a non-uniform angle of attack. Our CFD analysis was not complete enough to predict the tail's airflow separation, which led to the nose rise departure during aft-cg stall testing (Flight # 37L / 06G). In response, Scaled conducted full-scale "wind tunnel" tests of the SS1 boom-tail using a modified Ford-250 pickup truck to provide the necessary flow field. A couple pictures of the test set-up is shown in the "photos" section. The purpose of these tests was to examine various changes to SpaceShipOne's tail assembly to provide for better horizontal tail lift and tail lift-slope characteristics.
Results:
The testing conducted from 8 to 21 October successfully validated several aerodynamic fixes to solve the tail stall problem. The fixes were first flown on Flight 38L / 07G.
Date: 14-24 July 2003 System Tests
Objectives:
System level qualification tests for several subsystems
Results:
Completed landing gear qualification tests, brake tests and low speed taxi tests. Required changing the nose skid material to prevent excessive wear. Finalized cabin proof pressure test and leak rate tests. Completed structural load tests of the horizontal stabilizer, flight control system and feather mechanism.
Date: 24 Jun - 09 Jul 03 System Tests
Objectives:
To ensure the as-built systems meet the vehicle design requirements
Results:
Landing gear functional tests completed. Flight control system and structural qualification tests completed. Flight test data calibrations completed.
Date: 21-23 May 03 Ground Vibration Testing (flutter qualification)
Objectives:
To update the stiffness and mass distributions of the SpaceShipOne structural model so the analytical predictions match the actual vehicle frequency and modal response to a series of different forced vibrations. Since most flutter issues are critical for the rocket-powered flight tests, a rocket motor CTN was installed in SpaceShipOne for the GVT shake testing. The motor was one that had been fired for 15 seconds so its remaining fuel mass best represented that for the max-q portion of the boost flight.
Results:
The entire ship was hung on springs for the tests. The shakes were completed on schedule. The flutter analysis is in-work.
Rocket Motor Ground Tests
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The rocket motor main components, the composite nitrous oxidizer tank and CTN (unitized motor case/throat/nozzle) have been in development at scaled since mid 2001. Those components passed their qualification tests by late 2002. The other motor components (controller, valve, injector, aft bulkhead, head insulation, ignition system and fuel) are being developed and tested by two competing subcontractors. The two companies are eAc and SpaceDev
Due to the competitive nature of the current rocket ground test program, test details cannot be divulged. After vendor selection we may be able to provide additional details about the rocket ground firings. The following are the dates of the full-scale motor firing events. This list does not include sub-scale or cold flow tests. All these tests have used full-scale, flight-article components, mounted on our mobile rocket motor test stand. The test stand uses the same tank, CTN and adjacent structure as SpaceShipOne.
VENDOR
DATE OF TEST
INFORMATION
SpaceDev
21 Nov 02
eAc
16 Jan 03
eAc
22 Feb 03
SpaceDev
12 Mar 03
SpaceDev
19 Mar 03
eAc
22 Mar 03
SpaceDev
03 June 03
eAc
19 June 03
eAc
24 July 03
full-duration
SpaceDev
31 July 03
full-duration
eAc
4 Sept 03
full-duration
SpaceDev
18 Nov 03
Flight motor qualification run. A ground test to validate the first two planned powered flights of SpaceShipOne. All performance requirements and safety limits were met.
