This may sound selfish and myopic but this really does not apply to me. There is a sense in which we modern humans are inundated with information so it is wise to have good filter criteria for what you imbibe. For instance, I prefer books to periodicals and websites because the latter are more transitory in worth and sometimes the most latter are garbage due to lax publishing standards or low barrier for entry . So, when I am not reading math, computer science and science books on my Kobo Aura ONE ereader every Sunday I download the news from the Associated Press via Calibre and I also occassionally read academic journal periodicals, online, and Slashdot and the occasional ArsTechnica. The associated press are not going to publish fake news and I only read the politics, technology and science sections. I have also been reading slashdot since like 1998 and it does not carry fake news per se but modern Slashdot sometimes carries click bait. That is how I imbibe information as part of the nerd elite. I understand that Democracy is messy though and lower IQ people have voting power so fake news can affect me somewhat except for the fact that America is actually an Oligarchy with some Democratic features rather than a straight Democracy so it does not really matter what the average Joe and idiots imbibe, anyway !

This applies to mostly medicine and social science see John Ioannidis's research paper "Why Most Published Research Findings Are False" : http://journals.plos.org/plosm... It seems to me the sciences that deal with statistical p-value significance are all subject to false published research findings , for instance, see Craig Bennet's "Neural correlatates of interspecies perspectitve taking in post-mortem Salmon : An argument for multiple comparisons corrections". http://prefrontal.org/files/po... The paper is a deadpan gag and a veiled attack on sloppy methodology among neuroimaging researchers. Also, researchers run the Baltimore Stockbroker scam : https://somemathematicalmusing... When they selectively choose not to publish certain results in favor of other ones etc... So on and so forth etc...