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Comment Re:Problem isn't wind or solar (Score 1) 132

Wind power is not environmentally friendly. Building windmills consumes huge amounts of materials, esp. concrete and steel for the foundations. Add to that the fact that on-shore wind turbines have 25 year lifespan and off-shore ones even less. Wind turbines pollute the environment just like anything else, it just happens in places like China.

Comment Re:How long? (Score 2) 90

Well, we are talking about a plasma that is at or close to thermal equilibrium. The important thing here is the average kinetic energy of a deuterium or tritium nucleus in the plasma - when that is high enough (a couple of keV) there is a big enough probability that the nuclei as they collide will tunnel through their mutual Coulomb barrier and fuse. There is always some fraction of nuclei with high enough kinetic energy, but in low temperatures the fraction is very small. To increase the number of nuclei with high kinetic energy you typically either increase the temperature to push the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution towards high energies, or increase the density to just have more nuclei in the high-energy zone.

Comment Re:More details (Score 2, Insightful) 77

Everyone on this earth is continuously being bombarded by radiation. Cosmic radiation, radioactive elements in our own bones and flesh, in concrete, in the bedrock and sand, tritium in the water etc. You get a dose of extra radiation every time you fly. In addition, our own metabolism produces free radicals that damage our DNA in much the same way as radiation does. And do not forget sun's ultraviolet radiation either. Our bodies have DNA repair mechanisms that fix most of the damage as it occurs. They are an evolutionary response to the radiation rich environment in which we have always lived in. It is entirely plausible that small doses of radiation have negligible effect, as the epidemiological studies show.

Comment Re:Variations (Score 3, Interesting) 105

As far as I understand, the mechanism for the long-term average change of Earth's rotation period is the following: Tidal forces cause the Earth's crust and oceans to bulge towards the Moon (and symmetrically away from it on the other side of the Earth). Because of the inertia of Earth's crust (from finite speed of sound in the Earth's crust/water), the bulge does not point exactly towards the Moon, but is slightly on the side of the direction where Earth rotates to. Because the bulge is closer to the Moon, it experiences larger gravitational pull towards it, and similarly the opposite bulge has smaller pull. The net effect is that there is a torque that tends to slow Earth's rotation. Because the energy of Earth-Moon system is approximately conserved, it also means that as Earth's kinetic rotational energy diminishes, the potential energy of Earth-Moon system must increase to compensate. Therefore the Moon slowly drifts to higher potential energy, meaning that its distance from the Earth increases. The short term changes in the rotational period cannot be explained by the above mechanics alone because the Earth-Moon system is actually in details more complicated (atmosphere sloshing around, more complex ocean tidal patterns, Earth's internal mass flows etc.)

Comment Re:We should fix that (Score 1) 105

Lets calculate the rotational energy change coming from one millisecond of rotation time change... The moment of inertia of a solid ball (a crude approximation for Earth) is I = (2/5)mr^2 = 0.4 * 5.972e24 kg * (6.371e6 m)^2 = 9.7e37 kgm^2. The angular speed is omega = 2*pi/(24*3600) 1/s = 7.27e-5 1/s. The rotational kinetic energy is thus equal to E = (1/2) I omega^2 = 2.56e29 J. The change in rotational kinetic energy when we change the rotational speed by one millisecond can be found by calculating the derivative of the energy: dE = I omega d(omega) = 9.7e37 * 7.27e-5 * (2 * pi / (24*3600)^2 * 0.001) = 5.93e21 J. (d(omega)=-2*pi/T^2 * dT) How much is this in "everyday" units? One kilowatt hour is 3.6e6 J. Therefore the energy required for one millisecond rotational period change is 1.64e15 kWh = 1.64e6 TWh. According to Wikipedia, United States consumed 98.301 quadrillion BTU = 28802 TWh energy in 2014. So one would need 57 times the U.S. yearly total energy use to correct this problem.

Comment Re:Wonder if there will be human pilots at all in (Score 2) 47

To be effective against modern jets the drones would have to have decent range and at the same time to be very fast to be effective against high flying fast targets. That makes them expensive. Such things actually already exist, they are called AA and SA missiles. One AIM-120D costs hundreds of thousands of dollars, and does not have 100% kill probability against skilled jet pilot. Laws of physics interfere here.

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