I can only comment on the lack of opportunities for those straight out of school. While I worked in London, I tried to push for some super junior hires. But unfortunately, we couldn't dedicate the time for training or mentoring.
I figured we could train some university graduates who would love to land their first professional job.
Me, I had to apply for dozens of jobs before landing my first one out of university. After that, I had close to a 100% success rate when applying for a new job. So seems to me that no one wanted to bother with me before I had at least one job... quite the chicken and egg situation.
Quite a few of the old timers with grey hair on our software development projects learned on the job or through training programs or apprenticeships decades ago.