Presumably, they mean zero net emissions, which is possible. You completely combust all of the fuel in the car, a plant somewhere removes the combustion byproducts from the air and puts it back together as fuel, and the car burns that fuel. They would also need to break down the NOx to N2 or convert it to something long term stable.

It's essentially using the fuel as a battery. For hard to electrify things like planes and rockets. You built enough renewable energy and normal storage to get your grid through most bad times of year, that gives you a lot of excess energy throughout the year. You use the excess energy for producing energy dense things like methane and kerosene from the air, and you use them for things like planes, rockets, and as emergency storage for the worst of days. It's an inefficient process, and sure you could use the excess energy for things like desalination or bitcoin.

Hopefully, we're able to make more then we need, and can convert things like co2 into long term stable hydrocarbons and bury them into the ground along with ch4 from the air. That way it would be net negative.

But it is also possible to make a zero emission ICE vehicle, just expensive and complicated. You carry a LOx tank and a hydrocarbon that can be completely combusted. You then only get CO2 and H2O from the combustion. You dump the water. You liquefy the CO2 and store it for future burial, use in industry, or conversion to something long term stable

The US navy has prototypes for aircraft carriers to convert seawater to jet fuel. Their big problem has been finding better catalysts. The current ones are very expensive, hazardous to handle, and break down too quickly. If/ when they solve that problem, they'll be able to use their nuclear reactors to make fuel for their jets and guard ships. They use weapons grade fuel in their reactors, so they run for decades without new fuel, and have very high power and energy densities.

smog depends almost entirely on NOx, SOx and VOC from burning hydrocarbons in air.

Electric cars don't weigh that much more then comparable gasoline vehicles, especially for sedans and crossovers. They also tend to have very good weight distribution between the front/back and left/right, so they can end up having less weight on each tire then a comparable gas car. The weight on each tire is what matters, not the total car weight.

A big savings for BEV particulate emissions are the brakes. The regular mechanical friction brakes on a BEV are rarely used, and last a lot longer then an ICE car. The regenerative braking handles almost all braking except for emergency braking and fully stopping the car after the regen slows it down to a few mph. They actually need to program BEVs to guarantee the friction brakes are used frequently enough to keep them working properly.

Ya, it's not going to happen instantly, it's going to be very slow like now, but within 10 years, it's going to start happening very fast.

The amount of energy we put into getting gasoline is almost enough to charge a BEV. An M3 could go 4 or 5 miles on the electricty used to refine a gallon of gas, if the natural gas used in refining that gallon went to a CCGT, you'd get enough electricity to move that M3 another 20 to 30 miles for every gallon of gasoline refined.

Gas stations have been decreasing for 50 years. There were almost twice a many 50 years ago, as today. There might be more overall pumps, because the 2 pump stations have been replaced by dozen pump stations with the same amount of staff.

the average lifespan of a new ICE car/truck is 12 years and even in California they are 75% of new sales. And, even in California, diesel usage is still going up, and the total BEVs are only 5% of the vehicles on the road.

Once that hits a certain percentage of vehicles on the road, I think it's 15%, is historically big industries have fallen into free falls and started changing very quickly. Things like natural ICE to mechanical refrigeration, cell phones, or horses to powered vehicles. Plenty of people said simliar things.

It has taken insane resources to keep oil so cheap. That's only worked because of the continuous growth in needs. Once that continous growth is gone, prices will start to increase and very unstable.

Just like other industries, as the economies of scale increase on batteries, they get cheaper and cheaper. We've got a lot more of the materials needed for batteries, then we've got oil. And we already recycle most of the batteries into new ones.

We are within a year of batteries being cheap enough that a BEV car is cheaper up front then a simliar ICE car. Trucks are going to take longer, but not that much longer.

Even in the USA, the number of gas stations has been declining for 50 years. They've gotten more pumps at less locations. Cars don't break down anywhere near as much as 50 years ago, which is why most fueling stations don't have garages any more.

In a lot of areas even in the USA, gas stations have a started having trouble getting loans for more than a few years.

Just like in California becuse 25% of new cars and 5% of total cars are BEV now and the rest super efficient, they've got refineries shutting down because gasoline usage peaked in CA a decade ago, and it's expected to continue to decrease. They made most of their money from gasoline. They can't afford to make the necessary upgrades and repairs, when their main product is decreasing over time. In the past it didn't matter if they expected a decade at current rates to payoff, because they knew usage had to increase over time.

Gasoline and diesel have only stayed so cheap because they've had large and continous growth. Natural resources only stay the same cost if your pulling at a low enough rate, or your either finding new cheap supplies or developing tech that makes it cheaper. The rate of finding new oil deposits has plummeted, especially related to the cost of searching. Same with developing tech to get/refine oil cheaper, we've been getting more and more diminishing returns.

We are within a few years of peak oil. The USA peaked gasoline already. As refineries, gas stations, and the support stuff start needing expensive maintenance/repairs/replacements, they are going to decide they can't afford it. The companies that make fuel pumps are going to start closing, lowering output, and increasing prices, the companies that do the inspections of the stations are going to have a hard time finding employees so it's going to cost more and take longer for gas stations to be inspected. Fuel truck companies aren't going to be replacing trucks, they are going to charge more and take longer.

Gasoline, the parts, and the people, will start getting more and more expensive and harder to find. It will seem like nothing at first, but then start happening relatively quickly. It's a feedback loop. As prices go up and access gets harder, people switch to BEV faster, which causes prices to go up and stations to close.

This has happened with other industries in the past. Batteries are on track to be cheap enough within a year, that BE cars have a lower upfront cost than ICE cars. It's already happened in China that BE cars are cheaper upfront.

It's actually mostly both parties right now.

The problem is when their economy was going good, they likely could've gotten statehood, but they didn't want it.

When it started going bad 15 years ago, the majority started wanting statehood, but we won't give it to them.

Basically, they only want statehood when things are bad and they want to be bailed out.

And, we are only willing to give them statehood when they are doing well enough they won't be a drag on the other states.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wik...

How much is that lawn being made worth to you?

You don't have a right to force people to work for whatever pay you want them to.

If they decide they want $1,000 an hour and nobody hires them, then they'll negotiate for lower pay until you can find a level that's acceptable to the employer and the employees.

Or you can just find someone willing to do it for only a little bit more than current market rates and not deal with the union

If you can't find anyone that will do it under $1,000 an hour, than your out of luck.

They should absolutely try to get the absolute maximum benefits for what they are doing. They are not your friend or your family.

Your post also ignores that in the real world it's the employer that is the one setting prices in industries because they know if a welder cant get a job, they lose their house and not feed their family, but the worst case for a company is bankruptcy and the execs will be fine. With cheap airfare and travel nowadays, it's easy to find scabs that slightly lower your profit until the union breaks.

The law explains it like always.

Section 1260H of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year (FY) 2021

DEFINITIONS.—In this section: (1) CHINESE MILITARY COMPANY.—The term ‘‘Chinese military company’’— (A) does not include natural persons; and (B) means an entity that is— dkrause on LAP5T8D0R2PROD with PUBLAWS (i)(I) directly or indirectly owned, controlled, or beneficially owned by, or in an official or unofficial capacity acting as an agent of or on behalf of, the People’s Liberation Army or any other organization subordinate to the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party; or (II) identified as a military-civil fusion contributor to the Chinese defense industrial base; and (ii) engaged in providing commercial services, manufacturing, producing, or exporting. (2) MILITARY-CIVIL FUSION CONTRIBUTOR.—The term ‘‘military-civil fusion contributor’’ includes any of the following: (A) Entities knowingly receiving assistance from the Government of China or the Chinese Communist Party through science and technology efforts initiated under the Chinese military industrial planning apparatus. (B) Entities affiliated with the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, including research partnerships and projects. (C) Entities receiving assistance, operational direction or policy guidance from the State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense. (D) Any entities or subsidiaries defined as a ‘‘defense enterprise’’ by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. (E) Entities residing in or affiliated with a military- civil fusion enterprise zone or receiving assistance from the Government of China through such enterprise zone. (F) Entities awarded with receipt of military production licenses by the Government of China, such as a Weapons and Equipment Research and Production Unit Classified Qualification Permit, Weapons and Equipment Research and Production Certificate, Weapons and Equipment Quality Management System Certificate, or Equipment Manufacturing Unit Qualification. (G) Entities that advertise on national, provincial, and non-governmental military equipment procurement platforms in the People’s Republic of China. (H) Any other entities the Secretary determines is appropriate. (3) PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY.—The term ‘‘People’s Liberation Army’’ means the land, naval, and air military services, the People’s Armed Police, the Strategic Support Force, the Rocket Force, and any other related security element within the Government of China or the Chinese Communist Party that the Secretary determines is appropriate.

Basically every large scale industrial plant that started 70+ years ago is a massive superfund site nowadays. For lead, asbestos, mercury, and/or a dozen other things.

Also, this plant made nuclear weapons, and those plants have historically been incredibly dirty because the government doesn't have to worry about things like a private company, especially in the late 1940s.

If they were building large scale solar panel or wind turbine factories 50+ years ago, they would also be covered in toxic waste. Just like old battery plants, synthetic rubber plants, and basically any other large scale manufacturing.

I worked somewhere that used methanol to clean things, and I guarantee you that if they could legally dump the waste out back, they would've.

Maybe 20 years ago getting rid of lcense plates would've been a big help, but nowadays it would only be a short term help.

There was a study like a decade ago using a 10 year ago regular computer and cell phone camera. They took off the UV/IR filters off of some of the cameras. But they were able to quickly and accurately fingerprint cars. Eben if they look to human eyes as clean and identical, they aren't. The UV/IR can see the random differences in paint application and wear on the vehicle. Combining the paint differences with the visible model/year, the tires/wheels, any stickers, any damage/wear/tear, and other things and they were able to instantly fingerprint a vehicle.

If you combine where you saw the vehicle, what time you saw it, any stickers, what the driver looks like, cell phone data, employment data, friend networks, toll road data, credit card data, and your getting even more accurate data.

Sure you could do things to make the fingerprint change, but that itself is a massive fingerprint unless you can convince a large section of the population to also do those things, and if you've got that many people behind you, you could make capturing the data a crime.

That was all atleast a decade ago, nowadays it's even easier.

That's exactly why the new NIST approved system uses both the new QC resistant key exchange AND the currently used ECDH key exchange.

That way, you need to break both the older proven key exchange method and the new QC resistant one.

Everything dies from heat eventually.

Even NMC/NCA BEV batteries on average are going to last longer than the engine in an ICE vehicle, unless the engine has basically been rebuilt. That engine is also going to need a decent amount of money for the constant maintenance that IC engines need.

An LFP battery which most BEVs currently have, could outlast multiple gasoline engines.

See how long an ICE will last if treat it similar you to a BEV battery/motor, and don't constantly baby it with things like oil changes.

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With 25% yearly increases, it would outpace all the currently used fossil fuels for utility electrical generation in ~12 years. After ~15 years solar would be producing double what fossil fuels currently produce.

25% a year is actually very fast.

In 2023 US electrical utilities produced
Fossil fuels (total) 2,505 Billion kWh
Photovoltaic 162 Billion kWh

To match the current usage
t = ln(A/P) / n[ln(1 + r/n)]
t = ln(2,505.00/162.00) / ( 1 × [ln(1 + 0.25/1)] )
t = ln(2,505.00/162.00) / ( 1 × [ln(1 + 0.25)] )
t = 12.272135 years

For double the current fossil fuel usage
t = ln(A/P) / n[ln(1 + r/n)]
t = ln(5,010.00/162.00) / ( 1 × [ln(1 + 0.25/1)] )
t = ln(5,010.00/162.00) / ( 1 × [ln(1 + 0.25)] )
t = 15.378418 years

https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs...

I can't believe that I'm not the only one that thought of the awning video he just did

That is not what renewable means, because literally nothing renews anywhere near the rate at which it is consumed, let alone more.

Anything that depends on the sun does not meet that definition, but is considered renewable.