Philosophy won't bring you further, since it doesn't prove anything. Philosophers normally cannot state precisely formulated, unified truths, unlike mathematicians. Logic, as studied in Mathematics, will do.
Try "Mathematical Logic" by Cori and Lascar, a two-volume work by mathematicians: Part I and Part II.
Those are expensive, but should be available at your local library.
You don't have to block every single image.
There are Adblock filter subscriptions (ad server domains + regular expressions). I subscribed to 5 from them and update the lists every now and then. More than 99% of site advertising is blocked for me.
I know these people handle very delicate cases (i.e. physically damaged media beyond all recognition).
As for simpler situations (accidental reformatting, not-so-extreme disk failure), the are some useful Open Source utilities like MondoRescue, GParted, fdisk (or cfdisk) and dd ("disk dump").
The most simple rescue method implies mounting the damaged partition onto another media, for instance an external hard drive, using Knoppix.
I recall having rescued a NTFS data partition using this method (the hard drive had spun very badly due to an electrical outage).
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