Hi Quinkin,
Thanks for the reminder about the old inverse-square attenuation law. I'm still curious as to exactly what the distance is, ie. more precisely that "several inches". The current tiles do an admirable job of dealing with the thermal load of reentry.
What I'm mostly interested in seeing is whether there are active alternatives to deal with the thermal issues of reentry. Despite the amazing complexity of the shuttle, it's still basically a nicely shaped brick falling through the atmosphere and using simple friction to dump all that inertia. Is there a way to reduce the amount of inertial energy being converted into heat? Can it be converted into useful work? Or at least re-radiated back out so that the accumulation of heat is not so intense?
This of course also does not detract from the need to maintain a safe vehicle, and so I heartily endorse the concept of an inspection before descent in order to avoid gaping holes in the body of the spacecraft causing problems upon reentry.
It would seem that there are several forms in which the energy might be received, thermal, acoustic(vibrational), or electromagnetic. Can any of them be converted efficiently enough to be converted and used or exported? What threshold of reduced energy would be needed to usefully increase the safety margin of re-entry? Could the energy be used to increase the effective drag of the craft while not increasing the thermal load? Ie. slow it down faster by perhaps increasing the size of the shockwave, or firing a plasma rocket out the front(vectorwise) of the shuttle?
There is the XPrize - http://www.xprize.org/press/release_006.html for lifting craft into space, perhaps there needs to be more focus on a safer way to return...