I had the real pleasure recently of getting paid to attend a conference titled Women in Games and New Media. Mixed crowd: game studio people, educators, makers. artists of different kinds, even government people. Good times. My takeaway, relative to the context here, is that programming (my occupation for twenty years and interest since childhood) has a nascent potential in our culture to become an applicable skill far outside the sphere of commercial application development. The Arduino, for example, is motivating a lot of people whose ultimate interests are physical to learn "enough" to accomplish real things on small scales. I say hoorah! Programming is a humbling and brutally honest discipline. The more people get a taste of it the better off our world will be, I say.

I'm surprised that no one has mentioned "Advanced C++, Programming Styles and Idioms" (James Coplien). Picks up where Stroustrop leaves off, I think.

Ye olde "Numerical Recipies in C", if you're doing anything mathematical. This book seems to stir a bit of controversy among practitioners but it covers an immense amount of ground, including: interpolation and extrapolation, random numbers, finding minima/maxima and zeros, the Fourier transform, modeling/fitting (least squares and such), just to name a few topics!