My company currently runs robotic programs for this age group. With kids K though 1 we have them explore a variety of robots that we get from OWI (www.robotkitsdirect.com). We have them experiment with various transportation systems such as tracks, legs, and wheels and various sensors such as the light sensor on the spider III and Hyper Line Tracker, as well as the microphone on the RockIt robot. We use a variety of remote control robots such as the Kabuto Mushi, Soccer Jr., and Air Zinger to talk about ROV (remotely operated vehicles) We also use their robotic arm kits with a laptop interface. We link all of these to real world examples with lots of laminated pictures.
For kids grades 2 through 5 you do all of that and can have a lot of fun. We have been using the mindstorms systems from LEGO for about five years. With supervision they can build a simple roaming robot with bump sensors in about two hours or less. The programing interface provided with the retail kids, not the lab view version, is very simple and linear in design. It's drag and drop programing that the kids pick up very easily. 4th and 5th graders will venture into some of the more advanced features of the programs. For our summer camps we have the 2nd through 5th graders build an OWI kit robot such as the Air Zinger, RockIt Robot, Kabuto Mushi, Robotic Arm Trainer and the Robotic Arm Edge throughout the camp. At the end of the camp they get to keep the robot they built.