It's as if it was a bad idea to base hiring and promotion on the number of papers published, and then also pay publishers by the number of papers published.

Someone posted this graph:

https://retractionwatch.com/20...

WTF happened in 2008/2009? It's when the idea of paying publishers by the paper instead of them having to convince a bunch of librarians they weren't frauds started to take off (PLOS One launched in 2007).

That's the problem.

Regular submarines are buoyant because the volume of low pressure air enclosed by their hull makes them overall weigh less than the water they displace. They have to carry ballast, which might be weights or water pumped into tanks, in order to dive. This is nice beacause when you want to come back up you can drop the weights.

To dive deeper you need a thicker hull to withstand the pressure. At some point your steel hull plus the enclosed air is heavier than the water it displaces. Then you sink instead of floating, even with no ballast. So you need to carry some means to generate additional buoyancy. We normally use some kind of foam for that, but the pressure would crush normal foams so you need to use super strong (and expensive) syntactic foam materials.

If you can make the pressure hull out of something that has a better strength to weight ratio than steel you can dive deeper without supplemental buoyancy, or use less to go even deeper. Titanium (and carbon fibre) also have the advantage that they don't rust in sea water.

Here's a paper discussing titanium hulls: https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium...
https://cdn.ymaws.com/titanium...

While stuff like that does happen, the big reason we have regulations is indeed because the value the free market places on lives is not what we'd like it to be. There are lots of cases where companies were perfectly able to pay out settlements. The Ford Pinto case is the classic example of a company specifically choosing the expense of settling lawsuits over the expense of fixing a dangerous product.

When I was a teenager the local autobody guy who'd just informed me my first car wasn't worth repairing noted "they're always worth more to us than they are to anybody else." Goes even more so for lives.

Should I plant corn again, or should I make the move and spend a few million dollars on equipment to start farming grain?

If you think farmers are only worried about the weather tomorrow you've never met a farmer.

Two differences. Hitler could also write pictures.

Plants perform cellular respiration the same way you do. That means they emit CO2. They ALSO absorb CO2 during photosynthesis. Photosynthesis notably requires sunlight.

You can learn quite a lot about crop metabolism by measuring changes in day/night CO2.

https://retractionwatch.com/

They did.

a retracted paper is an admission that they lied

Papers are retracted for all kinds of reasons, some of which are fraud and misconduct, but others are admirable.

The free market sorts it out just fine. Nobody likes the value the free market chooses for their life though.

There were carbon fibre deep sea vessels before Titan, including for the US Navy.

You can build an experimental titanium submersible, skip certification tests and have it fail too.

It is truly shocking that something users requested be shared publicly on the internet was shared publicly on the internet.

I am very confused; don't movie studios use artificially generated characters frequently for special effects? Isn't it almost certain that especially over the past few years they've used AI to do that? How would this be something new?

I think if 1% of F150s were liable to stop suddenly and need a tow then we would be hearing about that too.

About 1% of F150s built this spring have been recalled due to an issue that can cause the steering system to detach while driving.

It's vacillating but lubricated with vaseline.

In Canada it's $20, despite the US constantly pressuring us to raise it (lol).

But neither of us have 200% import taxes.

There are LOTS of people who run companies that import stuff that doesn't meet legal requirements in the importing country. They're not going to stop. They're going to get more customers though, because they don't have to compete with untaxed direct imports.