There is a filter approaching that we already know about: the energy filter. I first read this in an SF book, but I don't recall which at the moment (probably either Isaac Asimov or Jack McDevitt). I've since seen the same idea in other places, though.
The basic idea is that not only does it take enormous amounts of energy to leave the planet, it actually takes enormous amounts of energy to harness that energy. Solar, wind, nuclear, and hydro power are great, but you need a base initial amount of easily usable resources to bootstrap them, and on Earth that means fossil fuels. Environmental concerns aside, it seems likely that there's only a relatively small window between the development of fossil fuels and the point at which there are no longer enough fuels left to bootstrap the next stage of energy evolution -- maybe only a few hundred years.
Civilizations that miss that window can begin devolving back through the stages of industrialization, and then exist nearly indefinitely in a pre-industrial state, but they'll never again have the resources necessary to leave their home planet. They will just putter along in a sort of Amish paradise until some natural disaster wipes them out.
That's why alternative energy research is essential. Not for environmental reasons, or political reasons, or economic reasons, or any of the other usual justifications, but because discovering how to make limitless energy via cold fusion doesn't do you any good if you no longer have enough fuels to jumpstart the reaction.