You have newer been working on something just a little industrial.
You cant run TTL signals, and single-ended analogue inputs in a electrical nosy industrial environment.
And the electronics need to be encapsulated to handle water and oil sprays.

It is most likely is a giant amalgamation of ancient, unsupported proprietary code, running on CPU's that does not exist anymore, interconnected in networks that also does not exist anymore.
Connected to sensors with interfaces that are not well supported anymore.

If is was commissioned in the 1990, then the development would have taken at least a few years, and be based on hardware there are a few years older.
I know people that had been writing software for Danish ships in the late 80's in ADA, this was software that interfacing to a lot of systems, and involved 100's of man years of work back then.
Software was developed on this insanely expensive machine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

One system that I have been working on 30 years back were using: 80186 CPU's interconnected in a token bus ARCNet, where IO's are connected with an Texas instrument CRU bus. The Code was written in Modual2, and running on a home made scheduler.
The code is running IO timing controlled by NOP's
Replacing or rewirering 1000's of IO takes months.

The most expensive part of such a system is the wirering, and the software.
How would _you_ upgrade such a system?

Floppy drives are not ideal.
But stacked RasPi,and USB connectors are worse.

From 25 years/500000km of ICE ownership I would say that the Engine service is only 30% of the total maintenance costs.

I have newer had engine costs except standard stuff like: oil, filters, and timing belts (On a VW 1.9TDI)
I have used the main part of my maintenance cost on things like: Rusty brake rotors, tires, rubber bushings in suspension parts, leaky AC, power windows failing, cabin filters, window wipers, etc,

Processing paper is expensive, stop using cheques, or printed statements.
In Denmark the banks can't deny a person a private account (unless you have committed fraud), since this is a requirement to have one as a Danish citizen.
The banks can protect them selves by preventing overdraft.
Direct deposit is free.
Payment with card in shops are free.
Withdrawal in banks own ATM's are free.
Overview of balance via. eBanking/mobile phone is free.
Payment service is free
'Printed' statements are sent free as PDF files to a special mail account (eBoks).
If you have a simple economy then all this this costs $0-50 pa. for an account, plus $50 if your card gets damaged before expiration.

Avoid paperwork, streamline processes.
Make it illegal for a bank to deny an account.

No, regulate the banks instead..
To prevent to-big-to-fail bailouts.
And to make it illegal for banks to deny a basis bank account.

Why do you need to use cash?
I use an ATM approx once every year.
99.9% of all payments are by card.
Even small vendors selling coffee on a walking path in the nature, and beggars accept electronic payment these days.

As a European/Dane there are tings in this discussion I can recognize, and others I simply don’t understand.
- Why accept to pay money to get access to your salary?
- Why is it hard to get a bank account?
- Why are a local bank office needed?
- Why are the dying Postal service a solution to the problem?

Regarding Profitability, and quality of the Postal service, the US might experience similar problems as Denmark.
Back in the 1980, each ZIP code (Denmark have more than 1000) had a Post Office, the postal service carried a lot of letters, I got 1-2 every week back then. And I used the Giro Bank (kind of check/money-order) to pay bills, and transfer money.

Now the mail volume have completely collapsed (by a factor of 10-20), all real post offices has been closed except one, number of employees that been reduced to 25% of what it was then.
Now I only get one or two mails pr. year, the last one was two months back (The Danish CDC wants a stool sample:-| )
Al the Giro Bank (and bank cheques) stuff have been closed 20 years ago.
There is simply not the volume to support the level of service we had 20-30 years ago.

Al paychecks that I have got the last 40 years have been direct transfer to a bank account, without any employee fees. Today it is illegal to pay salary in cash, to prevent tax fraud.

Back in the mid 1980 I used to visit the bank once a week to get cash, this ended when I was drafted to the military, and had to get a bank card since I was under the control of a drill sergeant during bank hours :-(

The bank branch offices have declined in the same way as the Postal Services.
I have had E-Banking since 1995, and today Bank branch offices are only used to sell financial products (Mortgage, Loans, Pension, etc). There are locations in Denmark where you have to drive two hours to get to a branch office (largest bank in Denmark) with a classier.
Even the ATM machines are being closed, since they are not used as much as before.
Cash is not king, and if you try to use more than $3000, then it is illegal, and people suspect you are a money launderer or a drug dealer.

In Denmark you can’t get a bank account, get a job, or do any thing without a SSN.
A basic bank account, with basic eBanking, payment service, and a Debit card are often free, or cost a modest $30 a year. The banks are not allowed to deny a person a bank account, since it is required by law to have one.

In Denmark we dont have this credit score circus, where you have to make a loan, and pay it of to get a credit score.

I would say that it is relative easy event as an 18 year old to get a (first) loan of e.g. $5k, with an interest of 10-15% pa. But if you don’t pay the loan as agreed, then you cant get a new loan any where.
The loan is simply an overdraft on our debit account, no need to pay extra for a credit card.

Where I come from most of the cables 60kV and below is already under-grounded.
https://www.irishtimes.com/new...

There is however discussions about a several hundred km long cable with 400 kV, on the vest cost of Jutland, where there are cost issues, and also technical issues. Those issues are related to the capacitance of underground cables, and the need to install reactors (electrical coils) every 15km for power factor correction.

A standard certificate basically only ensures that the website owner was in some control of the authoritative DNS server for the domain, and only protects against main in the middle.
Uploading a self-signed public key to the DNS server (DANE), would provide the same protection.

Often you need information about the company behind the site, e.g. if they have a business license issued by a state you trust.
A company might have business license in one part of the world, and might be able to get an EV certificate, and then present it self by language to be located elsewhere.
I would prefer that things that require some state issued license (VAT, financial services, medical services etc.) Have a certificate chain of trust issued by the state issuing the permit.

Reminds me of this..
https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/...
I hope they implement anti spoofing, otherwise some north Korean script kiddies creates a swarm of virtual drones over JFK..

Size alone is irrelevant, what matters is how many consumers PG&E have to share the cost of $3 million pr. mile. PG&E have more customers than a Danish utility.
Higher population density = more persons to pay each mile of cable.
Greenland (Denmark) is 0.08 persons pr. km^2
Falkland islands is 0.21 persons pr. km^2
US (inc. AL) is 34 persons pr. km^2
EU is 116 persons pr. km^2
DK (Continental) is 136 persons pr. km^2

Falkland islands and Greenland have vastly different size, but both have problems with infrastructure due to low population density.

It's not about size, population density matters, i.e. how many consumers are there to pay for an amount of infrastructure.

There is a high correlation between grid reliability, and amount of cable underground. Soil composition, rocks, earth quakes etc. have an influence on the feasibility of underground cables. Finland, Sweden, Norway, also have large areas with low population density, and rocky underground. This is a likely reason for significant higher SAIDI numbers compared with Denmark. (100 to 150 minutes a year.)
But US still have lot of areas with a high population density, and soft soil, still with overhead cables.

EU SAIDI Numbers: https://www.erneuerbareenergie...
US SAIDI Numbers (Average 470 minutes) https://www.eia.gov/todayinene...

The best US utilities have SAIDI numbers comparable to Finland, Sweden, and Norway.

Yes, I have an idea of the size of the US, I have driven in west TX-NM, FL, WA, PA, and CA. (But only between TX and NM)

Non-native speaker, and mildly dyslexic.

The problem is that the American utilities are unwilling to invest in digging down the cables.
Where I come from almost all overhead lines have been replaced with cables, the only exception is 400kV and higher.
Americans would claim that it is not possible to dig down all cables due to the size of the country (Size is irrelevant), or due to the lower population density (Valid argument).
Even the 10kV and 400V overhead lines running on my parents farm in the middle of nowhere, have been digged down 25 years ago.
In Denmark the average outage pr. Consumer pr. Year is around 5 minutes.
https://www.next-kraftwerke.co...

The layout of the display with the ‘Warning light’, and AoA indication can be seen here:
https://www.ainonline.com/avia...

The main system designs problem is that the B737 autopilot continues to use data that is faulty. (If the faulty sensor is connected to the active autopilot. Since this was the concept during certification in 1967)
This resulted in the dead of 9 passengers in 2009, due to faulty radar altimeter:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...

Other aircraft disconnect their autopilot in case of a bad sensor data.
In case the sensor function is used for manual flight without autopilot (As MCAS), the system enters a degraded mode (e.g. direct control law)

On the PPRUNE forum:
Engineers are blaming the Boeing Engineers.
Pilots are blaming the Pilots on accident aircraft's for not handling the trim run-away in a correct and timely manner.