Compare Llama vs. PanGu-Σ

Llama (Large Language Model Meta AI) stands as a cutting-edge foundational large language model aimed at helping researchers push the boundaries of their work within this area of artificial intelligence. By providing smaller yet highly effective models like Llama, the research community can benefit even if they lack extensive infrastructure, thus promoting greater accessibility in this dynamic and rapidly evolving domain. Creating smaller foundational models such as Llama is advantageous in the landscape of large language models, as it demands significantly reduced computational power and resources, facilitating the testing of innovative methods, confirming existing research, and investigating new applications. These foundational models leverage extensive unlabeled datasets, making them exceptionally suitable for fine-tuning across a range of tasks. We are offering Llama in multiple sizes (7B, 13B, 33B, and 65B parameters), accompanied by a detailed Llama model card that outlines our development process while adhering to our commitment to Responsible AI principles. By making these resources available, we aim to empower a broader segment of the research community to engage with and contribute to advancements in AI.

Recent breakthroughs in natural language processing, comprehension, and generation have been greatly influenced by the development of large language models. This research presents a system that employs Ascend 910 AI processors and the MindSpore framework to train a language model exceeding one trillion parameters, specifically 1.085 trillion, referred to as PanGu-{\Sigma}. This model enhances the groundwork established by PanGu-{\alpha} by converting the conventional dense Transformer model into a sparse format through a method known as Random Routed Experts (RRE). Utilizing a substantial dataset of 329 billion tokens, the model was effectively trained using a strategy called Expert Computation and Storage Separation (ECSS), which resulted in a remarkable 6.3-fold improvement in training throughput through the use of heterogeneous computing. Through various experiments, it was found that PanGu-{\Sigma} achieves a new benchmark in zero-shot learning across multiple downstream tasks in Chinese NLP, showcasing its potential in advancing the field. This advancement signifies a major leap forward in the capabilities of language models, illustrating the impact of innovative training techniques and architectural modifications.