I think it's unlikely that BTC will ever be used in a brick and mortar environment, but see my arguments about transaction fees below. OTOH for web based transactions if someone is ordering physical goods it's a non-issue to wait for some confirmations to hit the network (I mean by the time you have their product boxed up and ready for shipping the transaction would have already been confirmed), and if they're ordering some web based service, you can probably grant the user instant access without confirmation and just revoke it if there seems to be a double spend attempt or some other fishiness going on.
As far as security goes, that's no different than dealing with security in any other financial environment, banks deal with it, credit card companies deal with it, wall street deals with it; if it doesn't want to have it's reputation dragged through the mud and very likely go out of business, any company dealing with BTC (or any sort of money) should be putting at least as much effort into security.
Transaction fees are largely irrelevant when dealing with BTC, right now they're entirely voluntary, but even if I choose to pay say
Now for a brick-and-mortar store the instantaneous processing of a credit card has some benefits such as instant confirmation, which may very well make it 'worth it' for a store/customer to pay that sort of processing fee, vs waiting for confirmations to hit the BTC network, and I think that's a perfectly valid trade off. It would however be possible to set up a sort of BTC payment processor in that you pre-pay some BTC into an account and transactions are validated by that processor for transactions requiring 'instant' approval. In my mind this is mostly reinventing the wheel (credit card companies already exist) and invalidates the reason to use BTC in the first place (low to no transaction fees, the processing company has to make money somehow), but this COULD happen as an option to allow brick and mortar's to offer instant confirmation.
No. The rate of coin generation is fixed. The difficulty, however, is not. It increases.
Or decreases if the computational power of the network drops (granted advances in technology make that unlikely in the long term, and only minimally impactful in the short term). The difficulty self adjusts SO that the rate of coin generation remains largely fixed.
They're not independent variables, the more power you have the faster you can compute an equation to match the current difficulty, and earn more coins, it just also happens that the difficulty is self adjusting so that the rate which coins are found stays apx. = to 1 per 10 minutes. If the computational power of the network is strong enough that it's taking less than 10 minutes for someone to find a block, the difficulty rises until that is no longer true, and if the computational power of the network drops enough that it's taking more than 10 minutes for someone to find a block the difficulty drops.
What the gods would destroy they first submit to an IEEE standards committee.