Constitutionally, we also embrace the notion that the government can't infringe your right to speak, assemble, and move about
... but we lock up criminals, preventing them from doing just those things. Your participation in the social (and constitutional) contract goes away when you act to deny its protections to other people. So, you stop enjoying the defense of your liberty when you decide that someone else needs to give theirs up so you can (for example) rob them or whatnot. This isn't an irreconcilable situation - it makes perfect sense.
The constitution says one thing. Many states are trying to do something else ... The two positions can't be resolved
Of course they can. That's what the courts are for. Just recently, the Supreme Court ruled on exactly this topic, pointing out that some of the local restrictions on gun ownership (like DC's) were in fact counter-constitutional. There: matter resolved.
constitutional amendments are extremely difficult to get passed into law
First, they aren't a matter of law. Amendments to the constitution are a structural change to the nation's operating charter. The constitution's single most important purpose is to LIMIT the power of the government. Changing the charter in order to allow the government to take away liberties is indeed difficult, and damn well should be. Some people on the left are incensed by what some other people have to say (witness what's happening on college campuses, where speech is being censored like never before). Those groups would LOVE to strike down the First Amendment, so that they could use government power to determine what people can say. You should be very glad that it would be so difficult for them to be able to strip away the constitution's protections.