I grew up in France and have been living in the US for a few years. So I feel like I can answer these questions. But first, the current federal minimum wage is around $7/h, few cities or state have it around $10/h. Also working more than 30 hours a week is sometimes difficult. Overall, it is not possible to convert salaries from one country to another and claim value/lifestyle equivalence.
What is happening is that your gross income in France and in the US are different. In France, it includes "charge patronale" which are various things your employer pays on your behalf: retirement, health insurance. Minimal wage worker in the US have to pay for that out of their income or not get it at all. (Recently obamacare helped on the insurance side by giving minimum wage worker benefits on these which lowers price significantly for them.)
In France, education is pretty much free. In the US, higher education is not, you are going to have to pay for it, which means that people tend to take on large loans.
There is almost no public transportation in the US and the cities are spreads which means that pretty much everybody needs a car. It also incurs insurance and gas. Because gas used to be inexpensive (it rose a lot in the last years), cars in the US have not so good mileage. Also people drive a lot (consequence of the spread of the cities). So car expenses actually get high.
Internet and cell phones aren't really luxury since so many things are done over the internet or over the phone, including searching for job, health insurance policies, taxes, ...