Technically dictatorship could be argued as slavery and that extended to french revolution and beyond.
The systems how you got your lot varied of course but throughout most of it large concentrations of people tended to have pretty strict hierarchies.
Iike it would be wrong to say that the whip was the only way you got people to do back breaking labor as well. A lot of really crappy jobs in antiquity and even to victorian england weren't structured as ownership of persons.
Arguably in victorian england the exploitation was enabled by the people on top not owning and not having responsibility for the people they exploited in dismal conditions, as it was structured as being those peoples fault they had to work for so little.